helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-3-165-172helmholtzeyeinstitute-1316Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSМодифицирующее лечение дегенеративных заболеваний сетчатки. Часть 2. Методы кондиционирующей терапии и проблемы максимизации пластичности сетчаткиModifying treatment of degenerative retinal diseases. Part 2. Conditioning therapy techniques and the problem of maximizing retinal plasticityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-0894НероеваН. В.NeroevaN. V.

Наталия Владимировна Нероева - канд. мед. наук, врач-офтальмолог отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Natalia V. Neroeva - Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist, department of pathology of the retina and optic nerve

4/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-5010ЗуеваМ. В.ZuevaM. V.

Марина Владимировна Зуева - д-р биол. наук, профессор, начальник отдела клинической физиологии зрения им. С.В. Кравкова

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Marina V. Zueva - Dr. of Biol. Sci., professor, head of the department of clinical physiology of vision named after S.V. Kravkov

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

visionlab@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-0374КатаргинаЛ. А.KatarginaL. A.

Людмила Анатольевна Катаргина - д-р мед. наук, профессор, начальник отдела патологии глаз у детей, заместитель директора

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Lyudmila A. Katargina - Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of the department of eye pathology in children, deputy director

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-9648КотелинВ. И.KotelinV. I.

Владислав Игоревич Котелин - канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник отдела клинической физиологии зрения им. С.В. Кравкова

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Vladislav I. Kotelin - Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher, department of clinical physiology of vision named after S.V. Kravkov

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8381-2124ЖуравлеваА. Н.ZhuravlevaA. N.

Анастасия Николаевна Журавлева - канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник отдела глаукомы

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Anastasia N. Zhuravleva - Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher, glaucoma department

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0148-8517ЦапенкоИ. В.TsapenkoI. V.

Ирина Владимировна Цапенко - канд. биол. наук, главный специалист отдела клинической физиологии зрения им. С.В. Кравкова

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Irina V. Tsapenko - Cand. of Biol. Sci., chief specialist of the department of clinical physiology of vision named after S.V. K

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1858-2005ФадеевД. В.FadeevD. V.

Денис Владимирович Фадеев - научный сотрудник научного экспериментальной центра

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Denis V. Fadeev - researcher, scientific experimental center

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава РоссииРоссияHelmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye DiseasesRussian Federation202312102023163165172Copyright © Нероева Н.В., Зуева М.В., Катаргина Л.А., Котелин В.И., Журавлева А.Н., Цапенко И.В., Фадеев Д.В., 20232023Нероева Н.В., Зуева М.В., Катаргина Л.А., Котелин В.И., Журавлева А.Н., Цапенко И.В., Фадеев Д.В.Neroeva N.V., Zueva M.V., Katargina L.A., Kotelin V.I., Zhuravleva A.N., Tsapenko I.V., Fadeev D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1316

В первой части обзора [РОЖ, 2023; 16 (2): 160–2] обсуждались общие признаки и специфические особенности адаптивной и неадаптивной ретинальной пластичности, характеризующие такие заболевания, как глаукома, возрастная макулярная дегенерация, пигментный ретинит, диабетическая ретинопатия и ретинопатия недоношенных. В этой части обзора обсуждаются проблемы регенерации аксонов ганглиозных клеток сетчатки и анализируются терапевтические подходы, направленные на максимизацию пластичности и стимулирование репаративных способностей сетчатки. Обсуждаются защитные эффекты «кондиционирующих» стимулов в модифицирующем лечении заболеваний сетчатки. Представлены некоторые современные стратегии зрительной реабилитации, основанные на тренировках зрительной перцепции и зрительной фиксации с использованием систем с биологической обратной связью.

In the first part of the review [ROJ, 2023; 16 (2): 160–2], we discussed the common and specific features of adaptive and non-adaptive retinal plasticity characteristic of glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity. The presented part of the review discusses the issues of axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells and analyzes therapeutic approaches aimed at maximizing the plasticity and stimulating the reparative potential of the retina. The protective effects of "conditioning" stimuli in the modifying treatment of retinal diseases are considered. Some of the present-day visual rehabilitation strategies based on visual perception training and visual fixation training using biofeedback systems are reported.

регенерация аксоновганглиозные клетки сетчаткимаксимизация пластичности сетчаткинейродегенеративные заболеваниямодифицирующее лечениекондиционирующие стимулыметоды зрительной реабилитацииregeneration of axonsretinal ganglion cellsmaximizing retinal plasticityneurodegenerative diseasesmodifying treatmentconditioning stimulivisual rehabilitation techniquesReferencesCrair MC, Mason CA. Reconnecting eye to brain. J Neurosci. 2016; 36 (42): 10707–22. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1711-16.2016Crair MC, Mason CA. Reconnecting eye to brain. J Neurosci. 2016; 36 (42): 10707–22. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1711-16.2016Sauv Y, Gaillard F. Regeneration in the visual system of adult mammals. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995 [updated 2007 Jun 21. PMID: 21413374Sauv Y, Gaillard F. Regeneration in the visual system of adult mammals. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995 [updated 2007 Jun 21. PMID: 21413374Chen DF, Jhaveri S, Schneider GE. Intrinsic changes in developing retinal neurons result in regenerative failure of their axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92 (16): 7287–91. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.16.7287Chen DF, Jhaveri S, Schneider GE. Intrinsic changes in developing retinal neurons result in regenerative failure of their axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92 (16): 7287–91. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.16.7287Vidal-Sanz M, Bray GM, Villegas-Perez MP, Thanos S, Aguayo AJ. Axonal regeneration and synapse formation in the superior colliculus by retinal ganglion cells in the adult rat. J Neurosci. 1987; 7: 2894–909. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02894.1987Vidal-Sanz M, Bray GM, Villegas-Perez MP, Thanos S, Aguayo AJ. Axonal regeneration and synapse formation in the superior colliculus by retinal ganglion cells in the adult rat. J Neurosci. 1987; 7: 2894–909. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02894.1987Aguayo AJ, Rasminsky M, Bray GM, et al. Degenerative and regenerative responses of injured neurons in the central nervous system of adult mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1991; 331: 337–43. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1991.0025Aguayo AJ, Rasminsky M, Bray GM, et al. Degenerative and regenerative responses of injured neurons in the central nervous system of adult mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1991; 331: 337–43. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1991.0025Keirstead SA, Rasminsky M, Fukuda Y, et al. Electrophysiologic responses in hamster superior colliculus evoked by regenerating retinal axons. Science. 1989; 246: 255–7. doi:10.1126/science.2799387Keirstead SA, Rasminsky M, Fukuda Y, et al. Electrophysiologic responses in hamster superior colliculus evoked by regenerating retinal axons. Science. 1989; 246: 255–7. doi:10.1126/science.2799387Sauv Y, Sawai H, Rasminsky M. Functional synaptic connections made by regenerated retinal ganglion cell axons in the superior colliculus of adult hamsters. J Neurosci. 1995; 15: 665–75. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00665.1995Sauv Y, Sawai H, Rasminsky M. Functional synaptic connections made by regenerated retinal ganglion cell axons in the superior colliculus of adult hamsters. J Neurosci. 1995; 15: 665–75. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00665.1995Espinosa JS, Stryker MP. Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex. Neuron. 2012; 75: 230–249. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.009Espinosa JS, Stryker MP. Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex. Neuron. 2012; 75: 230–249. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.009Davis MF, Figueroa Velez DX, Guevarra RP, et al. Inhibitory neuron transplantation into adult visual cortex creates a new critical period that rescues impaired vision. Neuron. 2015; 86: 1055–66. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.062Davis MF, Figueroa Velez DX, Guevarra RP, et al. Inhibitory neuron transplantation into adult visual cortex creates a new critical period that rescues impaired vision. Neuron. 2015; 86: 1055–66. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.062Diekmann H, Leibinger M, Fischer D. Do growth-stimulated retinal ganglion cell axons find their central targets after optic nerve injury? New insights by three-dimensional imaging of the visual pathway. Exp. Neurol. 2013; 248: 254–7. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.021Diekmann H, Leibinger M, Fischer D. Do growth-stimulated retinal ganglion cell axons find their central targets after optic nerve injury? New insights by three-dimensional imaging of the visual pathway. Exp. Neurol. 2013; 248: 254–7. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.021Venugopalan P, Wang Y, Nguyen T, et al. Transplanted neurons integrate into adult retinas and respond to light. Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 1047. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10472Venugopalan P, Wang Y, Nguyen T, et al. Transplanted neurons integrate into adult retinas and respond to light. Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 1047. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10472Hooks B, Chen C. Critical periods in the visual system: changing views for a model of experience-dependent plasticity. Neuron. 2007; 56: 312–26. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.003Hooks B, Chen C. Critical periods in the visual system: changing views for a model of experience-dependent plasticity. Neuron. 2007; 56: 312–26. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.003Y cel YH, Zhang Q, Weinreb RN, Kaufman PL, Gupta N. Effects of retinal ganglion cell loss on magno-, parvo-, koniocellular pathways in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003; 22: 465–81. doi: 10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00026-0Y cel YH, Zhang Q, Weinreb RN, Kaufman PL, Gupta N. Effects of retinal ganglion cell loss on magno-, parvo-, koniocellular pathways in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003; 22: 465–81. doi: 10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00026-0Prins D, Hanekamp S, Cornelissen FW. Structural brain MRI studies in eye diseases: are they clinically relevant? A review of current findings. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016; 94: 113–21. doi: 10.1111/aos.12825Prins D, Hanekamp S, Cornelissen FW. Structural brain MRI studies in eye diseases: are they clinically relevant? A review of current findings. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016; 94: 113–21. doi: 10.1111/aos.12825Зуева М.В., Нероева Н.В., Катаргина Л.А. и др. Модифицирующее лечение дегенеративных заболеваний сетчатки. Часть 1. Адаптивная и неадаптивная пластичность сетчатки. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2023; 16 (2): 160–2Zueva M.V., Neroeva N.V., Katargina L.A., et al. Modifying treatment of degenerative retinal diseases. Part 1: Adaptive and non-adaptive retinal plasticity. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2023; 16 (2): 160–2 (In Russ.). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-2-160-165LeGates TA, Fernandez DC, Hattar S. Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014; 15: 443–54. doi: 10.1038/nrn3743LeGates TA, Fernandez DC, Hattar S. Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014; 15: 443–54. doi: 10.1038/nrn3743Endo M, Hattori M, Toriyabe H, et al. Optogenetic activation of axon guidance receptors controls direction. Sci Rep. 2016; 36 (42): 10707–22. doi: 10.1038/srep23976Endo M, Hattori M, Toriyabe H, et al. Optogenetic activation of axon guidance receptors controls direction. Sci Rep. 2016; 36 (42): 10707–22. doi: 10.1038/srep23976Nirenberg S, Pandarinath C. Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision. Proc Nat Acad Sci. USA. 2012; 109: 15012–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207035109Nirenberg S, Pandarinath C. Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision. Proc Nat Acad Sci. USA. 2012; 109: 15012–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207035109Yan B, Vakulenko M, Min SH, Hauswirth WW, Nirenberg S. Maintaining ocular safety with light exposure, focusing on devices for optogenetic stimulation. Vision Res. 2016; 121: 57–71. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.01.006Yan B, Vakulenko M, Min SH, Hauswirth WW, Nirenberg S. Maintaining ocular safety with light exposure, focusing on devices for optogenetic stimulation. Vision Res. 2016; 121: 57–71. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.01.006Gidday JM. Adaptive plasticity in the retina: Protection against acute injury and neurodegenerative disease by conditioning stimuli. Conditioning Medicine. 2018; 1: 85–97. PMID: 31423482.Gidday JM. Adaptive plasticity in the retina: Protection against acute injury and neurodegenerative disease by conditioning stimuli. Conditioning Medicine. 2018; 1: 85–97. PMID: 31423482.Roth S, Li B, Rosenbaum PS, et al. Preconditioning provides complete protection against retinal ischemic injury in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39: 775–85. PMID: 9538885.Roth S, Li B, Rosenbaum PS, et al. Preconditioning provides complete protection against retinal ischemic injury in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39: 775–85. PMID: 9538885.Roth S. Endogenous neuroprotection in the retina. Brain Res Bull. 2004; 62: 461–6. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.07.006Roth S. Endogenous neuroprotection in the retina. Brain Res Bull. 2004; 62: 461–6. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.07.006Del Sole MJ, Sande PH, Felipe AE, et al. Characterization of uveitis induced by use of a single intravitreal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2008; 69 (11): 1487–95. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1487Del Sole MJ, Sande PH, Felipe AE, et al. Characterization of uveitis induced by use of a single intravitreal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2008; 69 (11): 1487–95. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1487Dreixler JC, Poston JN, Balyasnikova I, et al. Delayed administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium significantly improves outcome after retinal ischemia in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014; 55: 3785–96. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-11683Dreixler JC, Poston JN, Balyasnikova I, et al. Delayed administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium significantly improves outcome after retinal ischemia in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014; 55: 3785–96. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-11683Gidday JM. Extending injury- and disease-resistant CNS phenotypes by repetitive epigenetics conditioning. Front Neurol. 2015; 6. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00042Gidday JM. Extending injury- and disease-resistant CNS phenotypes by repetitive epigenetics conditioning. Front Neurol. 2015; 6. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00042Zhu Y, Zhang L, Schmidt J, Gidday J. Glaucoma-induced degeneration of retinal ganglion cell soma and axons prevented by hypoxic preconditioning: A model of 'glaucoma tolerance'. Mol. Med. 2012; 18: 697–706. doi: 10.2119%2Fmolmed.2012.00050Zhu Y, Zhang L, Schmidt J, Gidday J. Glaucoma-induced degeneration of retinal ganglion cell soma and axons prevented by hypoxic preconditioning: A model of 'glaucoma tolerance'. Mol. Med. 2012; 18: 697–706. doi: 10.2119%2Fmolmed.2012.00050Gidday J, Zhang L, Chiang CW, Zhu Y. Enhanced retinal ganglion cell survival in glaucoma by hypoxic postconditioning after disease onset. NeuroTherapeutics. 2015; 12: 502–514. doi: 10.1007/s13311-014-0330-xGidday J, Zhang L, Chiang CW, Zhu Y. Enhanced retinal ganglion cell survival in glaucoma by hypoxic postconditioning after disease onset. NeuroTherapeutics. 2015; 12: 502–514. doi: 10.1007/s13311-014-0330-xBelforte N, Sande PH, de Zavalia N, et al. Ischemic tolerance protects the rat retina from glaucomatous damage. PLoS One. 2011; 6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023763Belforte N, Sande PH, de Zavalia N, et al. Ischemic tolerance protects the rat retina from glaucomatous damage. PLoS One. 2011; 6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023763Salido EM, Dorfman D, Bordone M, et al. Ischemic conditioning protects the rat retina in an experimental model of early type 2 diabetes. Exp Neurol. 2013; 240: 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.006Salido EM, Dorfman D, Bordone M, et al. Ischemic conditioning protects the rat retina in an experimental model of early type 2 diabetes. Exp Neurol. 2013; 240: 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.006Kim DY, Jung SY, Kim CJ, Sung YH, Kim JD. Treadmill exercise ameliorates apoptotic cell death in the retinas of diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep. 2013; 7: 1745–1750. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1439Kim DY, Jung SY, Kim CJ, Sung YH, Kim JD. Treadmill exercise ameliorates apoptotic cell death in the retinas of diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep. 2013; 7: 1745–1750. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1439Hanif AM, Lawson EC, Prunty M, et al. Neuroprotective effects of voluntary exercise in an inherited retinal degeneration mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015; 56: 6839–6846. doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-16792Hanif AM, Lawson EC, Prunty M, et al. Neuroprotective effects of voluntary exercise in an inherited retinal degeneration mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015; 56: 6839–6846. doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-16792Dreixler JC, Shaikh AR, Alexander M, Savoie B, Roth S. Post-ischemic conditioning in the rat retina is dependent upon ischemia duration and is not additive with ischemic pre-conditioning. Exp. Eye Res. 2010; 91: 844–52. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.06.015Dreixler JC, Shaikh AR, Alexander M, Savoie B, Roth S. Post-ischemic conditioning in the rat retina is dependent upon ischemia duration and is not additive with ischemic pre-conditioning. Exp. Eye Res. 2010; 91: 844–52. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.06.015Heusch G, B tker HE, Przyklenk K, Redington A, Yellon D. Remote ischemic conditioning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65 (2): 177–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.031Heusch G, B tker HE, Przyklenk K, Redington A, Yellon D. Remote ischemic conditioning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65 (2): 177–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.031Brandli A, Johnston DM, Stone J. Remote ischemic preconditioning protects retinal photoreceptors: Evidence from a rat model of light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016; 57: 5302–13. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-19361Brandli A, Johnston DM, Stone J. Remote ischemic preconditioning protects retinal photoreceptors: Evidence from a rat model of light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016; 57: 5302–13. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-19361Bourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Vision Loss Expert Group. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2013; 1 (6): e339–49. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70113-XBourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Vision Loss Expert Group. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2013; 1 (6): e339–49. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70113-XMenon A, Vijayavenkataraman S. Novel vision restoration techniques: 3D bioprinting, gene and stem cell therapy, optogenetics, and the bionic eye. Artif Organs. 2022; 46 (8): 1463–74. doi: 10.1111/aor.14241Menon A, Vijayavenkataraman S. Novel vision restoration techniques: 3D bioprinting, gene and stem cell therapy, optogenetics, and the bionic eye. Artif Organs. 2022; 46 (8): 1463–74. doi: 10.1111/aor.14241Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Xue K, Martinez-Fernandez de la Camara C, et al. Initial results from a first-in-human gene therapy trial on X-linked retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in RPGR. Nat Med. 2020; 26 (3): 354–9. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0763-1Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Xue K, Martinez-Fernandez de la Camara C, et al. Initial results from a first-in-human gene therapy trial on X-linked retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in RPGR. Nat Med. 2020; 26 (3): 354–9. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0763-1Zhang X, Tenerelli K, Wu S, et al. Cell transplantation of retinal ganglion cells derived from hESCs. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2020; 38: 131–40. doi: 10.3233/RNN-190941Zhang X, Tenerelli K, Wu S, et al. Cell transplantation of retinal ganglion cells derived from hESCs. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2020; 38: 131–40. doi: 10.3233/RNN-190941Suen HC, Qian Y, Liao J, et al. Transplantation of retinal ganglion cells derived from male germline stem cell as a potential treatment to glaucoma. Stem Cells Dev. 2019; 28 (20): 1365–75. doi: 10.1089/scd.2019.0060Suen HC, Qian Y, Liao J, et al. Transplantation of retinal ganglion cells derived from male germline stem cell as a potential treatment to glaucoma. Stem Cells Dev. 2019; 28 (20): 1365–75. doi: 10.1089/scd.2019.0060Wu S, Chang KC, Nahmou M, Goldberg JL. Induced pluripotent stem cells promote retinal ganglion cell survival after transplant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59 (3): 1571–76. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23648Wu S, Chang KC, Nahmou M, Goldberg JL. Induced pluripotent stem cells promote retinal ganglion cell survival after transplant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59 (3): 1571–76. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23648Russell S, Bennett J, Wellman JA, et al. Efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in patients with RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017; 390 (10097): 849–60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31868-8Russell S, Bennett J, Wellman JA, et al. Efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in patients with RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017; 390 (10097): 849–60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31868-8Kantor A, McClements ME, Peddle CF, et al. CRISPR genome engineering for retinal diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2021; 182: 29–79. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.024Kantor A, McClements ME, Peddle CF, et al. CRISPR genome engineering for retinal diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2021; 182: 29–79. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.024Gaub BM, Berry MH, Holt AE, Isacoff EY, Flannery JG. Optogenetic vision restoration using rhodopsin for enhanced sensitivity. Mol Ther. 2015; 23 (10): 1562–71. doi: 10.1038/mt.2015.121Gaub BM, Berry MH, Holt AE, Isacoff EY, Flannery JG. Optogenetic vision restoration using rhodopsin for enhanced sensitivity. Mol Ther. 2015; 23 (10): 1562–71. doi: 10.1038/mt.2015.121Кирпичников М.П., Островский М.А. Оптогенетика и зрение. Вестник Россий ской академии наук. 2019; 89 (2): 125–30 Kirpichnikov M.P.,Ostrovskiy M.A. Optogenetics and vision. Vestnik Rossijskoj akademii nauk. 2019; 89 (2): 125–30 (In Russ.).Gauvain G, Akolkar H, Chaffiol A, et al. Optogenetic therapy: high spatiotemporal resolution and pattern discrimination compatible with vision restoration in non-human primates. Commun Biol. 2021; 4: 125. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01594-wGauvain G, Akolkar H, Chaffiol A, et al. Optogenetic therapy: high spatiotemporal resolution and pattern discrimination compatible with vision restoration in non-human primates. Commun Biol. 2021; 4: 125. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01594-wSahel JA, Boulanger-Scemama E, Pagot C, et al. Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy. Nat Med. 2021; 27: 1223–9. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4Sahel JA, Boulanger-Scemama E, Pagot C, et al. Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy. Nat Med. 2021; 27: 1223–9. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4Lorber B, Hsiao WK, Martin KR. Three-dimensional printing of the retina. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016; 27 (3): 262–7. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000252Lorber B, Hsiao WK, Martin KR. Three-dimensional printing of the retina. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016; 27 (3): 262–7. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000252Larochelle RD, Mann SE, Ifantides C. 3D printing in eye care. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021; 10: 733–52. doi: 10.1007/s40123-021-00379-6Larochelle RD, Mann SE, Ifantides C. 3D printing in eye care. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021; 10: 733–52. doi: 10.1007/s40123-021-00379-6Wang V, Kuriyan AE. Optoelectronic devices for vision restoration. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2020; 8: 69-77. doi: 10.1007/s40135-020-00232-2Wang V, Kuriyan AE. Optoelectronic devices for vision restoration. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2020; 8: 69-77. doi: 10.1007/s40135-020-00232-2Niketeghad S, Pouratian N. Brain machine interfaces for vision restoration: The current state of cortical visual prosthetics. Neurotherapeutics. 2019; 16: 134–43. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0660-1Niketeghad S, Pouratian N. Brain machine interfaces for vision restoration: The current state of cortical visual prosthetics. Neurotherapeutics. 2019; 16: 134–43. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0660-1Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Rehabilitative techniques. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011b; 102: 263–78. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00016-9Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Rehabilitative techniques. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011b; 102: 263–78. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00016-9Sahraie A, Trevethan CT, MacLeod MJ, et al. Increased sensitivity after repeated stimulation of residual spatial channels in blind-sight. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103 (40): 14971–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607073103Sahraie A, Trevethan CT, MacLeod MJ, et al. Increased sensitivity after repeated stimulation of residual spatial channels in blind-sight. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103 (40): 14971–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607073103Dehn LB, Piefke M, Toepper M, et al. Cognitive training in an everyday-like virtual reality enhances visual-spatial memory capacities in stroke survivors with visual field defects. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2020; 27 (6): 442–52. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2020.1716531Dehn LB, Piefke M, Toepper M, et al. Cognitive training in an everyday-like virtual reality enhances visual-spatial memory capacities in stroke survivors with visual field defects. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2020; 27 (6): 442–52. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2020.1716531Zihl J, von Cramon D. Restitution of visual function in patients with cerebral blindness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1979; 42 (4): 312–22. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.42.4.312Zihl J, von Cramon D. Restitution of visual function in patients with cerebral blindness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1979; 42 (4): 312–22. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.42.4.312Kasten E, Sabel BA. Visual field enlargement after computer training in braindamaged patients with homonymous deficits: an open pilot trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 1995; 8 (3): 113–27. doi: 10.3233/RNN-1995-8302Kasten E, Sabel BA. Visual field enlargement after computer training in braindamaged patients with homonymous deficits: an open pilot trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 1995; 8 (3): 113–27. doi: 10.3233/RNN-1995-8302Sabel BA, Henrich-Noack P, Fedorov A, Gall C. Vision restoration after brain and retina damage: the “residual vision activation theory”. Prog Brain Res. 2011; 192: 199–262. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00013-0Sabel BA, Henrich-Noack P, Fedorov A, Gall C. Vision restoration after brain and retina damage: the “residual vision activation theory”. Prog Brain Res. 2011; 192: 199–262. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00013-0Kasten E, Poggel DA, Sabel BA. Computer-based training of stimulus detection improves color and simple pattern recognition in the defective field of hemianopic subjects. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000; 12 (6): 1001–12. doi: 10.1162/08989290051137530Kasten E, Poggel DA, Sabel BA. Computer-based training of stimulus detection improves color and simple pattern recognition in the defective field of hemianopic subjects. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000; 12 (6): 1001–12. doi: 10.1162/08989290051137530Sabel BA, Gudlin J. Vision restoration training for glaucoma: a randomized clinical trial. Jama Ophthalmology. 2014; 132: 381–9. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7963Sabel BA, Gudlin J. Vision restoration training for glaucoma: a randomized clinical trial. Jama Ophthalmology. 2014; 132: 381–9. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7963Tarita-Nistor L, Gonz lez EG, Markowitz SN, Steinbach MJ. Plasticity of fixation in patients with central vision loss. Vis Neurosci. 2009; 26: 487–94. doi: 10.1017/S0952523809990265Tarita-Nistor L, Gonz lez EG, Markowitz SN, Steinbach MJ. Plasticity of fixation in patients with central vision loss. Vis Neurosci. 2009; 26: 487–94. doi: 10.1017/S0952523809990265Plank T, Rosengarth K, Schmalhofer C, et al. Perceptual learning in patients with macular degeneration. Front Psychol. 2014; 5: 1189.Plank T, Rosengarth K, Schmalhofer C, et al. Perceptual learning in patients with macular degeneration. Front Psychol. 2014; 5: 1189.Maniglia M, Soler V, Cottereau B, Trotter Y. Spontaneous and training-induced cortical plasticity in MD patients: Hints from lateral masking. Sci Report. 2018; 8: 90. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18261-6Maniglia M, Soler V, Cottereau B, Trotter Y. Spontaneous and training-induced cortical plasticity in MD patients: Hints from lateral masking. Sci Report. 2018; 8: 90. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18261-6Vingolo EM, Cavarretta S, Domanico D, Parisi F, Malagola R. Microperimetric biofeedback in AMD patients. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007; 32 (3–4), 185–89. doi: 10.1007/s10484-007-9038-6Vingolo EM, Cavarretta S, Domanico D, Parisi F, Malagola R. Microperimetric biofeedback in AMD patients. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007; 32 (3–4), 185–89. doi: 10.1007/s10484-007-9038-6Vingolo EM, Salvatore S, Limoli PG. MP-1 biofeedback: luminous pattern stimulus versus acoustic biofeedback in age related macular degeneration (AMD). Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013; 38 (1): 11–6. doi: 10.1007/s10484-012-9203-4Vingolo EM, Salvatore S, Limoli PG. MP-1 biofeedback: luminous pattern stimulus versus acoustic biofeedback in age related macular degeneration (AMD). Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013; 38 (1): 11–6. doi: 10.1007/s10484-012-9203-4Morales MU, Saker S, Amoaku WM. Bilateral eccentric vision training on pseudo vitelliform dystrophy with microperimetry biofeedback. BMJ Case Rep. 2015; 2015: bcr2014207969. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207969Morales MU, Saker S, Amoaku WM. Bilateral eccentric vision training on pseudo vitelliform dystrophy with microperimetry biofeedback. BMJ Case Rep. 2015; 2015: bcr2014207969. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207969Sborgia G, Niro A, Tritto T, et al. Microperimetric biofeedback training after successful inverted flap technique for large macular hole. J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 556. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020556Sborgia G, Niro A, Tritto T, et al. Microperimetric biofeedback training after successful inverted flap technique for large macular hole. J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 556. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020556Qian T, Xu X, Liu X, et al. Efficacy of MP-3 microperimeter biofeedback fixation training for low vision rehabilitation in patients with maculopathy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022; 22: 197. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02419-6Qian T, Xu X, Liu X, et al. Efficacy of MP-3 microperimeter biofeedback fixation training for low vision rehabilitation in patients with maculopathy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022; 22: 197. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02419-6Verdina T, Piaggi S, Ferraro V, et al. Efficacy of biofeedback rehabilitation based on visual evoked potentials analysis in patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 20886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78076-wVerdina T, Piaggi S, Ferraro V, et al. Efficacy of biofeedback rehabilitation based on visual evoked potentials analysis in patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 20886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78076-w

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.