<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-4-105-112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-1363</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Минимально инвазивная дифференциальная диагностика меланоцитарных внутриглазных новообразований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Minimally invasive differential diagnosis of melanocytic intraocular neoplasms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганков</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygankov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Юрьевич Цыганков — канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии; ассистент кафедрыглазных болезней2</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062, Россия</p><p>ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1, Москва, 127473, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Yu. Tsygankov — Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher of ocular oncology and radiology department; assistant of chair of eye diseases</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062, Russia</p><p>20/1, Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саакян</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saakyan</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Владимировна Саакян — член-корр. РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор, начальник отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии;заведующая учебной частью кафедры глазных болезней</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062, Россия</p><p>ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1, Москва, 127473, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Saakyan — corresponding member of RAS, Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of ocular oncology and radiology department; deputy head of chair of eye diseases</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062, Russia</p><p>20/1, Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мякошина</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myakoshina</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Борисовна Мякошина — д-р мед. наук, старший научныйсотрудник отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии; старший лаборант кафедры глазных болезней</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062, Россия</p><p>ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1, Москва, 127473, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena B. Myakoshina — Dr. of Med. Sci., senior researcher of ocularoncology and radiology department; senior research assistant of chair ofeye diseases</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062, Russia</p><p>20/1, Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурденный</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burdennyi</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Михайлович Бурденный — канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории патогеномики и транскриптомики</p><p>ул. Балтийская, д. 8, Москва, 125315, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey M. Burdennyi — Cand. of Biol. Sci., senior researcher, laboratory of pathogenomics and transcriptomics</p><p>8, Baltiyskaya St., Moscow, 125315, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинов</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виталий Игоревич Логинов — канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории патогеномики и транскриптомики</p><p>ул. Балтийская, д. 8, Москва, 125315, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaliy I. Loginov — Cand. of Biol. Sci., leading researcher, laboratory of pathogenomics and transcriptomics</p><p>8, Baltiyskaya St., Moscow, 125315, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases; Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «НИИ общей патологии и патофизиологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цыганков А.Ю., Саакян С.В., Мякошина Е.Б., Бурденный А.М., Логинов В.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цыганков А.Ю., Саакян С.В., Мякошина Е.Б., Бурденный А.М., Логинов В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsygankov A.Y., Saakyan S.V., Myakoshina E.B., Burdennyi A.M., Loginov V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1363">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1363</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы — анализ частоты мутаций в генах GNAQ/GNA11 в циркулирующей опухолевой ДНК и генотипов полиморфного маркера С3435Т гена ABCB1 на большой выборке пациентов с внутриглазными меланоцитарными новообразованиями (ВМН).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В рамках открытого проспективного исследования в период 2015–2022 гг. обследовано 272 пациента с ВМН в возрасте от 28 до 87 лет (в среднем 58,3 ± 12,6 года), в том числе 68,8 % (n = 187) женщин, 31,2 % (n = 85) мужчин. Пациенты разделены на исследуемые группы в зависимости от характера опухолевого очага: группа I (n = 141) — меланомы хориоидеи прогрессирующие, группа II (n = 67) — стационарные, группа III (n = 64) невусы хориоидеи.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В группе I хотя бы одна мутация в генах GNAQ/GNA11 выявлена у 134 (95,0 %) пациентов, из них две мутации — у 35 (24,8 %) пациентов, три мутации — у 16 (11,3 %) пациентов. В группе II одна мутация выявлена у 49 (73,1 %) больных, из них две мутации — у 3 (4,5 %) больных. В группе III одна мутация в генах GNAQ/GNA11 выявлена у 13 (20,3 %) больных. Сравнение общей частоты мутаций в генах GNAQ/GNA11 в группах I и II показало значимые различия (OR = 7,03 (от 2,77 до 17,86), F = 0,000015 ξ2 = 20,6), при этом в группе I мутации определяли в 95 % случаев, а в группе II — в 73,1 %. Значимые различия получены и при сравнении частоты исследуемых мутаций в группах I и III (OR = 75,1 (от 28,36 до 198,86), F = 0,0000001, ξ2 = 121,15) при частоте в группе III 20,3 %. В группе II мутации в генах GNAQ/GNA11 определялись значимо чаще, чем в группе III (OR = 10,68 (от 4,73 до 24,1), F = 0,0000001, ξ2 = 36,64). Частота гетерозиготных мутаций во всех 4 экзонах в группе I была значимо выше, чем в группах II и III, за исключением гена GNAQ183 при сравнении групп I и II. В группе II гетерозиготные мутации во всех 4 экзонах определялись значимо чаще, чем в группе III. Гомозиготные мутации находили только у пациентов группы I, однако, несмотря на это, значимых различий с другими группами не выявлено. В группе I частота генотипа СC полиморфного маркера C3435T гена ABCB1 была значимо меньше, чем в группе II, а частота генотипа CT — значимо больше, чем в группе II.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Анализ обобщенного опыта молекулярно-генетических исследований 272 пациентов с ВМН показал прямую зависимость частоты выявления мутаций в генах от размеров и характера опухолевого очага. Полученные результаты позволяют проводить как скрининг пациентов из групп риска, так и дифференцировать больных в зависимости от размеров и характера опухолевого очага.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: to analyze the mutation frequency of the GNAQ/GNA11 gene in circulating tumor DNA and genotypes of the polymorphic marker C3435T of the ABCB1 gene in a large sample of patients with intraocular melanocytic neoplasms (IMN).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. In an open prospective study performed in 2015–2022, 272 IMN patients with intraocular melanocytic neoplasms aged 28 to 87 (ave. 58.3 ± 12.6), including 187 females (68.8 %) and 85 males (31.2 %), were divided into three groups depending on the nature of the tumor focus: Group I, n = 141, progressing choroidal melanomas; Group II, n = 67, stationary melanomas, and Group III, n = 64, choroidal nevi.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In Group I, at least one mutation in the GNAQ/GNA11 gene was detected in 134 patients (95.0 %). Of these, 35 patients (24.8 %) revealed two mutations, and 16 patients (11.3 %) had 3 mutations. In Group II, one mutation was detected in 49 patients (73.1 %), of which three patients (4.5 %) had two mutations. In Group III, one mutation in the GNAQ/GNA11 gene was detected in 13 patients (20.3 %). When comparing the overall frequency of mutations in the GNAQ/GNA11 genes in Groups I and II, significant differences were obtained (OR = 7.03 (2.77 to 17.86), F = 0.000015, ξ2 = 20.6), with Group I having mutations identified in 95 % of cases and Group II, in 73.1 %. Significant differences were also obtained when comparing the frequency of the studied mutations in Groups I and III (OR = 75.1 (28.36 to 198.86), F = 0.0000001, ξ2 = 121.15) with a frequency of 20.3 % in Group III. The frequency of mutations in the GNAQ/GNA11 genes was significantly higher in Group II than in Group III (OR = 10.68 (4.73 to 24.1), F = 0.0000001, ξ2 = 36.64). The frequencies of heterozygous mutations in all 4 exons were significantly higher in Group I than in Groups II and III, except for the GNAQ183 gene when comparing Groups I and II. Heterozygous mutations in all 4 exons were significantly more frequent in Group II than in Group III. Homozygous mutations were found only in Group I patients, but, in spite of this, no significant differences were detected when comparing them with other groups. The frequency of genotype CC of the polymorphic marker C3435T of ABCB1 gene was significantly lower in Group I as compared to Group II, whilst the frequency of genotype CT was significantly higher than in group II.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The general analysis of molecular genetic studies of 272 patients with intraocular melanocytic neoplasms showed a direct correlation between the frequency of detection of mutations in genes and the size and source of the tumor. The obtained results substantiate both screening of patients from risk groups and differentiation of patients depending on the size and source of the tumor.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>увеальная меланома</kwd><kwd>невус хориоидеи</kwd><kwd>цоДНК</kwd><kwd>GNAQ</kwd><kwd>GNA11</kwd><kwd>ABCB1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>uveal melanoma</kwd><kwd>choroidal nevus</kwd><kwd>ctDNA</kwd><kwd>GNAQ</kwd><kwd>GNA11</kwd><kwd>ABCB1</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalirai H, Tsygankov AI, Thornton S, Saakyan SV, Coupland SE. Genetics of uveal melanoma. In: Khetan V, ed. Intraocular Tumors. Springer, Singapore; 2020. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0395-5_7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalirai H, Tsygankov AI, Thornton S, Saakyan SV, Coupland SE. Genetics of uveal melanoma. In: Khetan V, ed. Intraocular Tumors. Springer, Singapore; 2020. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0395-5_7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smit KN, Jager MJ, de Klein A, Kili E. Uveal melanoma: towards a molecular understanding. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2020; 75: 100800. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100800</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smit KN, Jager MJ, de Klein A, Kili E. Uveal melanoma: towards a molecular understanding. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2020; 75: 100800. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100800</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bustamante P, Piquet L, Landreville S, Burnier JV. Uveal melanoma pathobiology: metastasis to the liver. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021; 71: 65–85. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bustamante P, Piquet L, Landreville S, Burnier JV. Uveal melanoma pathobiology: metastasis to the liver. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021; 71: 65–85. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amaro A, Gangemi R, Piaggio F, et al. The biology of uveal melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017; 36 (1): 109–140. doi: 10.1007/s10555-017-9663-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amaro A, Gangemi R, Piaggio F, et al. The biology of uveal melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017; 36 (1): 109–140. doi: 10.1007/s10555-017-9663-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammer H, Oláh J, Tóth-Molnár E. Dysplastic nevi are a risk factor for uveal melanoma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1996; 6 (4): 472–4. doi:10.1177/112067219600600423</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammer H, Oláh J, Tóth-Molnár E. Dysplastic nevi are a risk factor for uveal melanoma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1996; 6 (4): 472–4. doi:10.1177/112067219600600423</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shields CL, Kaliki S, Livesey M, et al. Association of ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis with the rate of uveal melanoma metastasis: analysis of 7872 consecutive eyes. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013; 131 (8): 993–1003. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shields CL, Kaliki S, Livesey M, et al. Association of ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis with the rate of uveal melanoma metastasis: analysis of 7872 consecutive eyes. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013; 131 (8): 993–1003. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdel-Rahman MH, Pilarski R, Cebulla CM, et al. Germline BAP1 mutation predisposes to uveal melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma, meningioma, and other cancers. J Med Genet. 2011; 48 (12): 856–9. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100156</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdel-Rahman MH, Pilarski R, Cebulla CM, et al. Germline BAP1 mutation predisposes to uveal melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma, meningioma, and other cancers. J Med Genet. 2011; 48 (12): 856–9. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100156</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Амирян А.Г., Цыганков А.Ю., Логинов В.И., Бурденный А.М. Мутации в онкогенах GNAQ и GNA11 у больных увеальной меланомой. Молекулярная медицина. 2014; 2: 34–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Amiryan A.G., Tsygankov A.Iu., Loginov V.I., Burdennyy A.M. Mutations in oncogenes GNAQ and GNA11 in uveal melanoma patients. Molecular medicine. 2014; 2: 34–7 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Raamsdonk CD, Griewank KG, Crosby MB, et al. Mutations in GNA11 in uveal melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363 (23): 2191–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1000584</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Raamsdonk CD, Griewank KG, Crosby MB, et al. Mutations in GNA11 in uveal melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363 (23): 2191–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1000584</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nayman T, Bostan C, Logan P, Burnier MN, Jr. Uveal melanoma risk factors: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Curr Eye Res. 2017; 42 (8): 1085–93. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1297997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nayman T, Bostan C, Logan P, Burnier MN, Jr. Uveal melanoma risk factors: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Curr Eye Res. 2017; 42 (8): 1085–93. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1297997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore AR, Ceraudo E, Sher JJ, et al. Recurrent activating mutations of G-protein-coupled receptor CYSLTR2 in uveal melanoma. Nat Genet. 2016; 48 (6): 675–80. doi:10.1038/ng.3549</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore AR, Ceraudo E, Sher JJ, et al. Recurrent activating mutations of G-protein-coupled receptor CYSLTR2 in uveal melanoma. Nat Genet. 2016; 48 (6): 675–80. doi:10.1038/ng.3549</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johansson P, Aoude LG, Wadt K, et al. Deep sequencing of uveal melanoma identifies a recurrent mutation in PLCB4. Oncotarget. 2016; 7 (4): 4624–31. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansson P, Aoude LG, Wadt K, et al. Deep sequencing of uveal melanoma identifies a recurrent mutation in PLCB4. Oncotarget. 2016; 7 (4): 4624–31. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vader MJC, Madigan MC, Versluis M, et al. GNAQ and GNA11 mutations and downstream YAP activation in choroidal nevi. Br J Cancer. 2017; 117 (6): 884–7. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vader MJC, Madigan MC, Versluis M, et al. GNAQ and GNA11 mutations and downstream YAP activation in choroidal nevi. Br J Cancer. 2017; 117 (6): 884–7. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Цыганков А.Ю., Мякошина Е.Б. и др. Ассоциация клинико-инструментальных и молекулярно-генетических предикторов с риском развития и опухолевой прогрессии меланоцитарных внутриглазных новообразований. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2020; 13 (4): 24–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Tsygankov A.Yu., Myakoshina E.B., et al. Association of clinical, instrumental and molecular genetic predictors with the risk of development and tumor progression of melanocytic intraocular neoplasms. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2020; 13 (4): 24–32 (In Russ.). doi:10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-4-24-32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marous CL, Shields CL, Yu MD, et al. Malignant transformation of choroidal nevus according to race in 3334 consecutive patients. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019; 67 (12): 2035–42. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1217_19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marous CL, Shields CL, Yu MD, et al. Malignant transformation of choroidal nevus according to race in 3334 consecutive patients. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019; 67 (12): 2035–42. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1217_19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shields CL, Furuta M, Thangappan A, et al. Metastasis of uveal melanoma millimeter-by-millimeter in 8033 consecutive eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127 (8): 989–98. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shields CL, Furuta M, Thangappan A, et al. Metastasis of uveal melanoma millimeter-by-millimeter in 8033 consecutive eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127 (8): 989–98. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frizziero L, Midena E, Trainiti S, et al. Uveal melanoma biopsy: A review. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Jul 30; 11 (8): 1075. doi: 10.3390/cancers11081075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frizziero L, Midena E, Trainiti S, et al. Uveal melanoma biopsy: A review. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Jul 30; 11 (8): 1075. doi: 10.3390/cancers11081075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mccannel T. Choroidal melanoma: updates for a challenging disease. Retin Physician. 2014; 12: 35–7. https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2014/march-2014/choroidal-melanoma-updates-for-a-challenging-dise</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mccannel T. Choroidal melanoma: updates for a challenging disease. Retin Physician. 2014; 12: 35–7. https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2014/ march-2014/choroidal-melanoma-updates-for-a-challenging-dise</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augsburger JJ, Correa ZM, Trichopoulos N, Shaikh A. Size overlap between benign melanocytic Choroidal nevi and Choroidal malignant melanomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008; 49 (7): 2823–8. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1603</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augsburger JJ, Correa ZM, Trichopoulos N, Shaikh A. Size overlap between benign melanocytic Choroidal nevi and Choroidal malignant melanomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008; 49 (7): 2823–8. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1603</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shields CL, Say EAT, Hasanreisoglu M, et al. Personalized prognosis of Uveal melanoma based on cytogenetic profile in 1059 patients over an 8-year period: the 2017 Harry S. Gradle Lecture. Ophthalmology. 2017; 124 (10): 1523–31. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shields CL, Say EAT, Hasanreisoglu M, et al. Personalized prognosis of Uveal melanoma based on cytogenetic profile in 1059 patients over an 8-year period: the 2017 Harry S. Gradle Lecture. Ophthalmology. 2017; 124 (10): 1523–31. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.04.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pantel K., Alix-Panabieres C. Liquid biopsy and minimal residual disease — latest advances and implications for cure. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019; 16 (7): 409–24. doi: 10.1038/s41571-019-0187-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pantel K., Alix-Panabieres C. Liquid biopsy and minimal residual disease — latest advances and implications for cure. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019; 16 (7): 409–24. doi: 10.1038/s41571-019-0187-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bande Rodriguez MF, Fernandez Marta B, Lago Baameiro N, et al. Blood biomarkers of uveal melanoma: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020; 14: 157–69. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S199064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bande Rodriguez MF, Fernandez Marta B, Lago Baameiro N, et al. Blood biomarkers of uveal melanoma: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020; 14: 157–69. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S199064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu H, Han L, Yuan J, Sun Y. Circulating tumor cell free DNA from plasma and urine in the clinical management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2020; 27 (1): 29–37. doi:10.3233/CBM-182344</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu H, Han L, Yuan J, Sun Y. Circulating tumor cell free DNA from plasma and urine in the clinical management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2020; 27 (1): 29–37. doi:10.3233/CBM-182344</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y, Springer S, Mulvey CL, et al. Detection of somatic mutations and HPV in the saliva and plasma of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Sci Transl Med. 2015; 7 (293): 293ra104. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8507</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y, Springer S, Mulvey CL, et al. Detection of somatic mutations and HPV in the saliva and plasma of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Sci Transl Med. 2015; 7 (293): 293ra104. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8507</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang P, Wu X, Tang M, Nie X, Li L. Detection of EGFR gene mutation status from pleural effusions and other body fluid specimens in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Thorac Cancer. 2019; 10 (12): 2218–24. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.13201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang P, Wu X, Tang M, Nie X, Li L. Detection of EGFR gene mutation status from pleural effusions and other body fluid specimens in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Thorac Cancer. 2019; 10 (12): 2218–24. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.13201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin E, Burnier JV. Liquid biopsy in Uveal melanoma: are we there yet? Ocular Oncol Pathol. 2021; 7 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1159/000508613</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin E, Burnier JV. Liquid biopsy in Uveal melanoma: are we there yet? Ocular Oncol Pathol. 2021; 7 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1159/000508613</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Хлгатян М.Р., Цыганков А.Ю. и др. Морфометрические и генетические предикторы опухолевой трансформации при меланоцитарных внутриглазных новообразованиях. Голова и шея. Российский журнал. 2020; 8 (4): 8–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Khlgatyan M.R., Tsygankov A.Yu., et al. OCT-morphometric and genetic predictors of the malignant transformation in melanocytic intraocular tumor. Head and neck. Russian journal. 2020; 8 (4): 8–16 (In Russ.). doi: 10.25792/HN.2020.8.4.8–16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Хлгатян М.Р., Цыганков А.Ю., Бурденный А.М., Логинов В.И. Роль полиморфного маркера C3435T гена АBСB1 в развитии начальной меланомы хориоидеи. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2020; 13 (1): 51–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Khlgatyan M.R., Tsygankov A.Yu., Burdennyi A.M., Loginov V.I. The role of the C3435T polymorphic marker of the ABCB1 gene in the development of early choroidal melanoma. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2020; 13 (1): 51–8 (In Russ.). doi:10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-1-51-58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heitzer E, Auinger L, Speicher MR. Cell-free DNA and apoptosis: how dead cells inform about the living. Trends Mol Med. 2020; 26 (5): 519–28. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heitzer E, Auinger L, Speicher MR. Cell-free DNA and apoptosis: how dead cells inform about the living. Trends Mol Med. 2020; 26 (5): 519–28. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siravegna G, Mussolin B, Venesio T, et al. How liquid biopsies can change clinical practice in oncology. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30 (10): 1580–90. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz227</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siravegna G, Mussolin B, Venesio T, et al. How liquid biopsies can change clinical practice in oncology. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30 (10): 1580–90. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Busser B, Lupo J, Sancey L, et al. Plasma circulating tumor DNA levels for the monitoring of melanoma patients: landscape of available technologies and clinical applications. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017: 5986129. doi:10.1155/2017/5986129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Busser B, Lupo J, Sancey L, et al. Plasma circulating tumor DNA levels for the monitoring of melanoma patients: landscape of available technologies and clinical applications. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017: 5986129. doi:10.1155/2017/5986129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bustamante P, Tsering T, Coblentz J, et al. Circulating tumor DNA tracking through driver mutations as a liquid biopsy-based biomarker for uveal melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021; 40 (1): 196. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-01984-w.оа</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bustamante P, Tsering T, Coblentz J, et al. Circulating tumor DNA tracking through driver mutations as a liquid biopsy-based biomarker for uveal melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021; 40 (1): 196. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-01984-w.оа</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Амирян А.Г., Цыганков А.Ю. и др. Ассоциация гена АBСB1 с риском развития увеальной меланомы. Архив патологии. 2014; 76 (2): 3–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Amiryan A.G., Tsygankov A.Yu., et al. Association of the ABCB1 gene with risk for uveal melanoma. Arkhiv patologii. 2014; 76 (2): 3–7 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
