<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2024-17-1-130-135</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-1441</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анатомические характеристики и структурные особенности зрительного нерва</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Anatomical characteristics and structural features of the optic nerve</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-6407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana N. Kiseleva — Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of ultrasound diagnostic department</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-7627</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baeva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1, Москва, 127473</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena V. Baeva — PhD student, chair of ophthalmology</p><p>20/1, Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-592X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елисеева</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eliseeva</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena K. Eliseeva — Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher, ultrasound diagnostic department</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-3846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луговкина</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lugovkina</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kseniya V. Lugovkina — Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher, ultrasound diagnostic department</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Evdokimov Moscow State Medical Stomatological University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>135</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Киселева Т.Н., Баева А.В., Елисеева Е.К., Луговкина К.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева Т.Н., Баева А.В., Елисеева Е.К., Луговкина К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiseleva T.N., Baeva A.V., Eliseeva E.K., Lugovkina K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1441">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1441</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлены данные литературы об анатомическом строении, морфологии и структурных особенностях зрительного нерва (ЗН). Подробно описаны 4 отдела ЗН: интраокулярный, интраорбитальный, интраканаликулярный и интракраниальный. Выделены особенности интраокулярного отдела, который подразделяется на три зоны: поверхностный слой нервных волокон, преламинарная часть и решетчатая пластинка склеры, различающиеся по гистологическому строению и кровоснабжению. Приведены данные об оболочках интраорбитальной части ЗН: твердой (dura mater), паутинной (arachnoidea) и мягкой (pia mater) — и гистологических структурах интраканаликулярной и интракраниальной части ЗН. Показаны отличительные особенности кровоснабжения различных участков ЗН. Информация об анатомических характеристиках и структурных особенностях ЗН имеет существенное значение для изучения патогенеза его поражений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents literature data about the anatomical structure, morphology and structural features of the optic nerve (ON). Four ON regions are detailed: intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular and intracranial. Specifically, the features of the intraocular region are outlined. It is divided into three zones: the surface nerve fiber layer, the prelaminar part and the lamina cribrosa of the sclera, which differ in histological structure and blood supply. The data on the coats of the intraorbital part include the details of the hard (dura mater), arachnoid and the soft (pia mater) coats. Other data represent the morphological structures of the intracanalicular and the intracranial parts of the ON. The distinctive features of blood supply in different ON regions are discussed.</p><p>The information about the anatomical characteristics and structural features of the ON is important for studying the pathogenesis of the optic nerve´s damage.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>зрительный нерв</kwd><kwd>интраокулярный отдел</kwd><kwd>интраорбитальный отдел</kwd><kwd>интраканаликулярный отдел</kwd><kwd>интракраниальный отдел</kwd><kwd>анатомические характеристики</kwd><kwd>структурные особенности</kwd><kwd>кровоснабжение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>optic nerve</kwd><kwd>intraocular region</kwd><kwd>intraorbital region</kwd><kwd>intracanalicular region</kwd><kwd>intracranial region</kwd><kwd>anatomical characteristics</kwd><kwd>structural features</kwd><kwd>blood supply</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайваронский И.В., Ничипорук Г.И. Клиническая анатомия сосудов и нервов. 11-е издание, переработанное и дополненное. Издательство: ЭЛБИ-СПб. 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaivaronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I. Clinical anatomy of blood vessels and nerves. 11th edition. Publisher: ELBI-SPb. 2021 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеримбетов Н.А., Удербаев Д.У., Каракул Ы.А., Мейманкулов Х. М. Возрастные особенности морфометрических параметров и гистоструктуры внутриорбитальной части зрительного нерва. Офтальмологический журнал Казахстана. 2013; 2–3 (43): 98–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sherimbetov N.A., Uderbaev D.U., Karakul Y.A., Meimankulov H.M. Age-related features of morphometric parameters and histostructure of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve. Ophthalmological journal of Kazakhstan. 2013; 2–3 (43): 98–100 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касымова М.С. Анатомические особенности диска зрительного нерва. РМЖ Клиническая офтальмология. 2001; 3: 111–3. [Kasymova M.S. Anatomical features of the optic nerve disc. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2001; 3: 111 (in Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasymova M.S. Anatomical features of the optic nerve disc. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2001; 3: 111 (in Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шамшинова А.М., Волков В.В. Функциональные методы исследования в офтальмологии. Москва: Медицина; 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shamshinova A.M., Volkov V.V. Functional research methods in ophthalmology. Moscow: Meditsina; 1999 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Naumann GO. Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size, configuration and correlations in normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Jul; 29 (7): 1151–8. PMID: 3417404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Naumann GO. Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size, configuration and correlations in normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Jul; 29 (7): 1151–8. PMID: 3417404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нестеров А.П. Глаукома. Москва: Медицина; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesterov A.P. Glaucoma. Moscow: Meditsina; 2014 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сомов Е.Е. Клиническая анатомия органа зрения человека. 3-е изд., переработанное и дополненное. Москва: МЕДпресс-информ; 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Somov Е.Е. Clinical anatomy of the human eye. 3rd edition. Мoscow: MEDpress-inform; 2005 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петров С.Ю. Анатомия глаза и его придаточного аппарата. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrov S.Yu. Anatomy of the eye and adnexa. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2003 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Астахов Ю.С., Даль Г.А., Лапин В.В. и др. Поражение органа зрения при латентном течении болезни Хортона. Офтальмологические ведомости. 2010; 3 (4): 75–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astakhov Yu.S. Dahl G.A., Lapin V.V., et al. Damage to the organ of vision in the latent course of Horton's disease. Oftalmologicheskie vedomosti. 2010. 3 (4): 75–8 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayreh SS. Management of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathies. Ischemic Optic Neuropathies. 2011: 389–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11852-4_17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayreh SS. Management of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathies. Ischemic Optic Neuropathies. 2011: 389–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11852-4_17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеремет Н.Л., Смирнова Т.В., Ронзина И.А. и др. Анализ структуры, причин и факторов риска развития ишемической оптической нейропатии. Вестник офтальмологии. 2017; 133 (6): 50–8. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2017133650-58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheremet N.L., Smirnova T.V., Ronzina I.A., et al. Analysis of structure, causes, and risk factors of ischemic optic neuropathy. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2017; 133 (6): 50–8 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2017133650-58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Purvin V, King R, Kawasaki A, Yee R. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in eyes with optic disc drusen. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.1.48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Purvin V, King R, Kawasaki A, Yee R. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in eyes with optic disc drusen. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.1.48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salazar JJ, Ramírez A I, De Hoz R, et al. Anatomy of the human optic nerve: Structure and function. Optic nerve. 2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79827</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salazar JJ, Ramírez A I, De Hoz R, et al. Anatomy of the human optic nerve: Structure and function. Optic nerve. 2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79827</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson DR. Ultrastructure of the optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970; 83 (1): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1970.00990030065013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson DR. Ultrastructure of the optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970; 83 (1): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1970.00990030065013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayreh SS. Ishemic optic neuropathies. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayreh SS. Ishemic optic neuropathies. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolter JR. The human optic papilla; a demonstration of new anatomic and pathologic findings. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957. 44 (4; 2): 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(57)90432-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolter JR. The human optic papilla; a demonstration of new anatomic and pathologic findings. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957. 44 (4; 2): 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(57)90432-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogan MJ, Alvarado JA, Weddell JE. Histology of the human eye. An Atlas and Textbook. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1971.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogan MJ, Alvarado JA, Weddell JE. Histology of the human eye. An Atlas and Textbook. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Wolff’s Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. ed 8, chapt. 6: The Eyeball and Its Dimensions. London, Chapman &amp; Hall Medical, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Wolff’s Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. ed 8, chapt. 6: The Eyeball and Its Dimensions. London, Chapman &amp; Hall Medical, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quigley HA, Addicks EM. Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Archives of ophthalmology. 1981. 99 (1): 137–43. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1981.03930010139020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quigley HA, Addicks EM. Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Archives of ophthalmology. 1981. 99 (1): 137–43. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1981.03930010139020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernandez MR, Luo XX, Igoe F, Neufeld AH. Extracellular matrix of the human lamina cribrosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987; 104 (6): 567–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(87)90165-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez MR, Luo XX, Igoe F, Neufeld AH. Extracellular matrix of the human lamina cribrosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987; 104 (6): 567–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(87)90165-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernandez MR, Luo XX, Andrzejewska W, Neufeld AH. Age-related changes in the extracellular matrix of the human optic nerve head. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989; 107: 476–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(89)90491-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez MR, Luo XX, Andrzejewska W, Neufeld AH. Age-related changes in the extracellular matrix of the human optic nerve head. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989; 107: 476–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(89)90491-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolff E, Penman G. The position occupied by the peripheral retinal fibres in the nerve-fibre layer and at the nerve head. Acta Concillium Ophthalmol. 1951; 16: 625–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolff E, Penman G. The position occupied by the peripheral retinal fibres in the nerve-fibre layer and at the nerve head. Acta Concillium Ophthalmol. 1951; 16: 625–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radius RL, Gonzales M. Anatomy of the lamina cribrosa in 44 human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981; 99 (12): 2159–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1981.03930021035010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radius RL, Gonzales M. Anatomy of the lamina cribrosa in 44 human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981; 99 (12): 2159–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1981.03930021035010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краснов М.Л. Элементы анатомии в клинической практике офтальмолога. Москва: Медгиз, 1952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnov M.L. Elements of anatomy in the clinical practice of an ophthalmologist. Moscow: Medgiz, 1952 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sasaki CT, Lombardo JC. Traumatic proptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971; 86 (2): 237–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1971.01000010239019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sasaki CT, Lombardo JC. Traumatic proptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971; 86 (2): 237–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1971.01000010239019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гусева Ю.А. Анатомия межоболочечных пространств внутриканальной части зрительного нерва человека. Медицинский журнал. 2005; 1 (11): 35–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gyseva Yu.A. Anatomy of the intervertebral spaces of the intracanal part of the human optic nerve. Medical journal. 2005; 1 (11): 35–7 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нероев B.B., Киселевa Т.Н., ред. Ультразвуковые исследования в офтальмологии: руководство для врачей. 1-е изд. Москва: ИКАР; 2019: 251–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neroev V.V., Kiselevа T.N. Ultrasound in Ophthalmology: A Guide for Physicians. Moscow: IKAR. 2019: 251–86 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machado LF, Furlanetto RL, Gracitelli CPB. Anatomy and evaluation of the optic nerve head. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 2022; 85 (6): 636–43. https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20220080</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machado LF, Furlanetto RL, Gracitelli CPB. Anatomy and evaluation of the optic nerve head. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 2022; 85 (6): 636–43. https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20220080</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Густов А.В., Сигрианский К.И., Столярова Ж.П. Практическая нейроофтальмология. Том 2. Нижний Новгород: НГМА; 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gustov A.V., Sigriansky K.I., Stolyarova Zh.P. Practical neuroophthalmology. V2. Nizhny Novgorod: NGMA; 2003 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
