helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2024-17-4-135-140helmholtzeyeinstitute-1636Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSНейровоспаление как фактор патогенеза глаукомной оптической нейропатииNeuroinflammation as a factor of pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-4248ПавленкоТ. А.PavlenkoT. A.

Татьяна Аркадьевна Павленко — канд. мед. наук, начальник отдела патофизиологии и биохимии.

Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Tatyana A. Pavlenko — Cand. Med. Sci., head of the department of pathophysiology and biochemistry.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-0464ПетровС. Ю.PetrovS. Yu.

Сергей Юрьевич Петров — д-р мед. наук, начальник отдела глаукомы.

Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Sergey Yu. Petrov — Dr. of Med. Sci., head of glaucoma department.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

glaucomatosis@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8143-3606ИомдинаЕ. Н.IomdinaE. N.

Елена Наумовна Иомдина — д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела патологии рефракции, бинокулярного зрения и офтальмоэргономики.

Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Elena N. Iomdina — Dr. of Biol. Sci., professor, principal researcher, department of refraction pathology, binocular vision and ophthalmoergonomics.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава РоссииРоссияHelmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye DiseasesRussian Federation202414122024174135140Copyright © Павленко Т.А., Петров С.Ю., Иомдина Е.Н., 20242024Павленко Т.А., Петров С.Ю., Иомдина Е.Н.Pavlenko T.A., Petrov S.Y., Iomdina E.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1636

Современное представление о патогенезе нейродегенеративного процесса при глаукоме выделяет несколько ключевых факторов риска его развития: ишемию/гипоксию, митохондриальную дисфункцию, окислительный стресс и нейровоспаление. Анализ исследований последних лет показывает, что при глаукомной оптической нейропатии, как и при других нейродегенеративных заболеваниях, в патологический процесс вовлекается иммунная система, при этом иммунорегуляция осуществляется преимущественно глиальными клетками сетчатки, микроглией, астроцитами, клетками Мюллера и системой комплемента. Хроническая активация глиальных клеток при глаукоме, вызванная повышенным внутриглазным давлением, может провоцировать провоспалительное состояние на уровне сетчатки, вызывая нарушение гематоретинального барьера и гибель ганглиозных клеток сетчатки. В обзоре представлены провоспалительные маркеры глаукомы, иммуномодулирующие и провоспалительные медиаторы, показана роль ряда металлопротеиназ и их тканевых ингибиторов, а также провоспалительных цитокинов в развитии глаукомы.

The modern pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma identifies several key risk factors for its development: ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. An analysis of recent studies shows that in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, as in other neurodegenerative diseases, the immune system is involved in the pathological process, and immunoregulation is carried out mainly by retinal glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, Müller cells and the complement system. Chronic activation of glial cells caused by increased intraocular pressure in glaucoma can provoke a pro-inflammatory state at the retinal level, causing disruption of the blood-retinal barrier and death of retinal ganglion cells. The review presents pro-inflammatory markers of glaucoma, immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory mediators, shows the role of a number of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of glaucoma.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.