<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-3-3-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-180</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Искусственное зрение: успехи, проблемы, перспективы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Artificial vision: advances, topical issues, and prospects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нероев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Neroev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корр. РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор, директор 105062, Москва, ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, director14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астахов</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Astakhov</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры офтальмологии с клиникой197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8 </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, clinical ophthalmology department6–8, Lva Tolstogo St., St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобанова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobanova</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмолог, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории бионики191028, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Моховая, д. 38197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, ophthalmologist, junior scientist, bionics laboratory38, Mokhovaya St., St. Petersburg, 191028, Russia49, Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antaryo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ступин</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stupin</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры физики конденсированного состояния, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории нанобиотехнологий, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории бионики194021, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Хлопина, д. 8, к. 3197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, condensed matter physics department; junior researcher, laboratory of nanobiotechnologies, junior researcher, bionics laboratory8/3, Khlopina St., St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia49, Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Stupin@spbau.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Верлов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Verlov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории бионики, старший научный сотрудник отделения молекулярной и радиационной биофизики197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49188300, Ленинградская обл., г. Гатчина, Орлова Роща, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in biological sciences, senior scientist, department of molecular and radiation biophysics, leading scientist, bionics laboratory1, Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Leningradskaya Oblast, St. Petersburg, 188300, Russia49, Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанцев</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazantsev</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, доцент, научный сотрудник лаборатории бионики199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7/9197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. of Chemical Sci., Associate Professor, senior scientist, bionics laboratory7/9, Universitetskaya Emb., 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia49, Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва105062, Москва, ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Med. Sci., leading researcher, department of retinal and optic nerve pathology14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, заведующий лабораторией бионики197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Physical and Mathematical Sci., head, bionics laboratory49, Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyev</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корр. РАН, д-р техн. наук, профессор, ректор197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PhD in Engineering Sci., Professor, president, ITMO university49, Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, академик</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Med. Sci., full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Московский НИИ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет&#13;
им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg I.P. Pavlov First State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Диагностический центр No 7» (глазной) для взрослого и детского населения;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg “Diagnostic center No. 7” (ophthalmological) for adults and children;&#13;
Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ВОиН «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский академический университет РАН» Минобрнауки России;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Academic University, RAS;&#13;
Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики» Минобрнауки России;&#13;
ФГБУ «Петербургский институт ядерной физики имени Б.П. Константинова» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute “Kurchatov Institute”;&#13;
Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет» Минобрнауки России;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University;&#13;
Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>приложение</issue-title><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нероев В.В., Астахов Ю.С., Лобанова М.М., Ступин Д.Д., Верлов Н.А., Рязанцев М.Н., Зайцева О.В., Богданов А.А., Васильев В.Н., Дубина М.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нероев В.В., Астахов Ю.С., Лобанова М.М., Ступин Д.Д., Верлов Н.А., Рязанцев М.Н., Зайцева О.В., Богданов А.А., Васильев В.Н., Дубина М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Neroev V.V., Astakhov Y.S., Lobanova M.M., Stupin D.D., Verlov N.A., Ryazantsev M.N., Zaitseva O.V., Bogdanov A.A., Vasilyev V.N., Dubina M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/180">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/180</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлены современные технологии зрительного протезирования, которые включают в себя системы Argus, Alpha IMS, Intelligent Medical Implant, Artificial Silicon Retina, Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis, Epi-Ret, Boston Retina Implant Project, Bionic Vision Australia и Semichronic Suprachoroidal Transretinal Prosthesis. Рассмотрены различные виды зрительных имплантов с точки зрения технических характеристик, особенностей хирургических операций, клинических испытаний и опыта применения. Обсуждаются основные проблемы и пути создания новых технологий искусственного зрения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents modern technologies of vision restoration, with special emphasis to retinal prosthetics: Argus, Alpha IMS, Intelligent Medical Implant, Artificial Silicon Retina, Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis, Epi-Ret, Boston Retina Implant Project, Bionic Vision Australia, and Semichronic Suprachoroidal Transretinal Prosthesis. Types of visual implants are described, reviewing technical parameters, surgery procedures, clinical trials and application experience. Basic issues and prospects of new artificial vision technologies are discussed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственное зрение</kwd><kwd>протезы сетчатки</kwd><kwd>импланты сетчатки</kwd><kwd>массив электродов</kwd><kwd>дегенеративные заболевания сетчатки</kwd><kwd>пигментный ретинит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial vision</kwd><kwd>retinal prostheses</kwd><kwd>retinal implants</kwd><kwd>multi-electrode arrays</kwd><kwd>retinal degeneration</kwd><kwd>retinitis pigmentosa</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нарушения зрения и слепота. ВОЗ. Информационный бюллетень No 282, август 2014 г. Avaible at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/ru/ Visual impairment and blindness. WHO. Report No 282, аugust. 2014. Avaible at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/ru/ (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Нарушения зрения и слепота. ВОЗ. Информационный бюллетень No 282, август 2014 г. Avaible at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/ru/ Visual impairment and blindness. WHO. Report No 282, аugust. 2014. Avaible at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/ru/ (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">http://www.eyetuebingen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/ zrennerlab/visual_prostheses-groups-v20161212.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">http://www.eyetuebingen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/ zrennerlab/visual_prostheses-groups-v20161212.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максимова Е.М. Клиническая физиология зрения: Очерки. Шамшинова А.М., ред. Андреева Т.М. Москва: 2006. Maksimova E.M. Clinical physiology of vision. Essay. Shamshinova A.M., ed. Moscow: T.M. Andreeva. 2006 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Максимова Е.М. Клиническая физиология зрения: Очерки. Шамшинова А.М., ред. Андреева Т.М. Москва: 2006. Maksimova E.M. Clinical physiology of vision. Essay. Shamshinova A.M., ed. Moscow: T.M. Andreeva. 2006 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marc R., Robert E.M., Watt C.B., et al. Neural remodeling in retinal degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2003 Sep; 22 (5): 607–55. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S1350-9462(03)00039-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marc R., Robert E.M., Watt C.B., et al. Neural remodeling in retinal degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2003 Sep; 22 (5): 607–55. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S1350-9462(03)00039-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machemer R. The development of pars plana vitrectomy: a personal account. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1995; 233 (8): 453–68. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF00183425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machemer R. The development of pars plana vitrectomy: a personal account. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1995; 233 (8): 453–68. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF00183425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алферов Ж.И. Двойные гетероструктуры: концепция и применение в физике, электронике и технологии. Успехи физических наук. 2002; 172 (9): 1068–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.0172.200209e.1068 Alferov Zh.I. Nobel Lecture: The double heterostructure concept and its applications in physics, electronics, and technology. Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. 2002; 172 (9): 1068–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.3367/ UFNr.0172.200209e.1068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Алферов Ж.И. Двойные гетероструктуры: концепция и применение в физике, электронике и технологии. Успехи физических наук. 2002; 172 (9): 1068–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.0172.200209e.1068 Alferov Zh.I. Nobel Lecture: The double heterostructure concept and its applications in physics, electronics, and technology. Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. 2002; 172 (9): 1068–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.3367/ UFNr.0172.200209e.1068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riordan M., Hoddeson L., Herring C. The invention of the transistor. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1999; 71(2): S336. https://doi.org/10.1103/ RevModPhys.71.S336</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riordan M., Hoddeson L., Herring C. The invention of the transistor. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1999; 71(2): S336. https://doi.org/10.1103/ RevModPhys.71.S336</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le Roy. Ou l’on rend compte de quelques tentatives que l’on a faites pour guerir plusieurs maladies par l’ectricite. Memoires de Mathematique et de Physique tires des registres de cette Academie. Histoire de l’Academie royale des Sciences. Paris. 1755: 2–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le Roy. Ou l’on rend compte de quelques tentatives que l’on a faites pour guerir plusieurs maladies par l’ectricite. Memoires de Mathematique et de Physique tires des registres de cette Academie. Histoire de l’Academie royale des Sciences. Paris. 1755: 2–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foerster O. Beitriige zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Psychol. Neurol. Lpz. 1929; 39: 463–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foerster O. Beitriige zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Psychol. Neurol. Lpz. 1929; 39: 463–85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piotrowska N., Winkler P.A. Otfrid Foerster, the great neurologist and neurosurgeon from Breslau (Wroclaw): his influence on early neurosurgeons and legacy to present-day neurosurgery. J. Neurosurg. 2007; 107: 451–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piotrowska N., Winkler P.A. Otfrid Foerster, the great neurologist and neurosurgeon from Breslau (Wroclaw): his influence on early neurosurgeons and legacy to present-day neurosurgery. J. Neurosurg. 2007; 107: 451–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis P.M., Rosenfeld J.V. Electrical stimulation of the brain and the development of cortical visual prostheses: An historical perspective. Brain Research. 2016; 1630: 208–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis P.M., Rosenfeld J.V. Electrical stimulation of the brain and the development of cortical visual prostheses: An historical perspective. Brain Research. 2016; 1630: 208–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Penfield W. Some observations on the cerebral cortex of man. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. BBiol. Sci. 1947; 134: 329–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.brainres.2015.08.038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penfield W. Some observations on the cerebral cortex of man. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. BBiol. Sci. 1947; 134: 329–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.brainres.2015.08.038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause F., Schum H. Neue deutsche Chirurgie. Kuttner H., ed. Stuttgart: Enke. 1931; 49: 482–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause F., Schum H. Neue deutsche Chirurgie. Kuttner H., ed. Stuttgart: Enke. 1931; 49: 482–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Button J., Putnam T. Visual responses to cortical stimulation in the blind. J. Iowa St. Med. Soc. 1962; 52: 17–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Button J., Putnam T. Visual responses to cortical stimulation in the blind. J. Iowa St. Med. Soc. 1962; 52: 17–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бехтерева Н.П. Лечебная электростимуляция мозга и нервов человека. Москва: АСТ. 2008. Bekhtereva N.P. Therapeutic electrostimulation of the brain and nerves. Moscow: AST. 2008 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бехтерева Н.П. Лечебная электростимуляция мозга и нервов человека. Москва: АСТ. 2008. Bekhtereva N.P. Therapeutic electrostimulation of the brain and nerves. Moscow: AST. 2008 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шандурина А.Н., Хилько В.А., Бехтерева Н.П. Клинико-физиологические основы нового способа восстановления зрения путем прямой электростимуляции поврежденных зрительных нервов человека. Физиология человека. 1984; 10 (5): 719–46. Shandurina A. N., Hilko V.A., Behtereva N.P. Clinical and physiological basics of the new approach to restoration vision by direct electrostimulation of the damaged optic nerves. Human physiology. 1984; 10 (5): 719–46 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шандурина А.Н., Хилько В.А., Бехтерева Н.П. Клинико-физиологические основы нового способа восстановления зрения путем прямой электростимуляции поврежденных зрительных нервов человека. Физиология человека. 1984; 10 (5): 719–46. Shandurina A. N., Hilko V.A., Behtereva N.P. Clinical and physiological basics of the new approach to restoration vision by direct electrostimulation of the damaged optic nerves. Human physiology. 1984; 10 (5): 719–46 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров С.Н., Линник Л.Ф., Антропов Г.М. Способ лечения заболеваний зрительного тракта прямой электростимуляцией. Патент РФ на изобретение No 2025114 от 30.12.1994. Fedorov S.N., Linnik L.F., Antropov G.M., et al. Treatment of diseases of the visual tract by direct electrostimulation. Patent RF for invention No 2025114, 30.12.1994 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Федоров С.Н., Линник Л.Ф., Антропов Г.М. Способ лечения заболеваний зрительного тракта прямой электростимуляцией. Патент РФ на изобретение No 2025114 от 30.12.1994. Fedorov S.N., Linnik L.F., Antropov G.M., et al. Treatment of diseases of the visual tract by direct electrostimulation. Patent RF for invention No 2025114, 30.12.1994 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brindley G.S., Lewin W.S. The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond). 1968; 196: 479–93. https:// doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brindley G.S., Lewin W.S. The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond). 1968; 196: 479–93. https:// doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobelle W.H. Artificial Vision for the blind by connecting a television camera to the visual cortex. ASAIO Journal. 2000; 46: 3–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobelle W.H. Artificial Vision for the blind by connecting a television camera to the visual cortex. ASAIO Journal. 2000; 46: 3–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humayun M.S., Weiland J.D., Fujii G.Y., et al. Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis. Vision research. 2003; 43 (24): 2573–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00457-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humayun M.S., Weiland J.D., Fujii G.Y., et al. Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis. Vision research. 2003; 43 (24): 2573–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00457-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Da Cruz L., Dorn J.D., Humayun M.S., et al. Five-Year Safety and Performance Results from the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123 (10): 2248–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.phtha.2016.06.049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Da Cruz L., Dorn J.D., Humayun M.S., et al. Five-Year Safety and Performance Results from the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123 (10): 2248–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.phtha.2016.06.049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">http://investors.secondsight.com/static-files/86adc825-32b1-424a-884cf79df179f847</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">http://investors.secondsight.com/static-files/86adc825-32b1-424a-884cf79df179f847</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.rosminzdrav.ru/news/2017/07/21/5810-ministr-veronikaskvortsova-vstretilas-s-pervym-patsientom-perenesshim-operatsiyu-poustanovke-retinalnyh-implantov-bionicheskogo-glaza.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.rosminzdrav.ru/news/2017/07/21/5810-ministr-veronikaskvortsova-vstretilas-s-pervym-patsientom-perenesshim-operatsiyu-poustanovke-retinalnyh-implantov-bionicheskogo-glaza.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.photoniques.com/articles/photon/pdf/2018/02/ photon2018S3p48.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.photoniques.com/articles/photon/pdf/2018/02/ photon2018S3p48.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hubel D.H. Eye, brain, and vision. Scientific American Library/Scientific American Books. 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hubel D.H. Eye, brain, and vision. Scientific American Library/Scientific American Books. 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanski J.J. Diseases of the ocular fundus. Mosby Inc. 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanski J.J. Diseases of the ocular fundus. Mosby Inc. 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шамшинова А.М. Наследственные и врожденные заболевания сетчатки и зрительного нерва. Москва: Медицина; 2003. Shamshinova A.M. Hereditary and congenital diseases of the retina and optic nerve. Moscow: Meditsina; 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шамшинова А.М. Наследственные и врожденные заболевания сетчатки и зрительного нерва. Москва: Медицина; 2003. Shamshinova A.M. Hereditary and congenital diseases of the retina and optic nerve. Moscow: Meditsina; 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayton L.N., Blamey P.J., Guymer R.H., et al. First-in-human trial of a novel suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis. PloS one. 2014; 9 (12). https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115239</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayton L.N., Blamey P.J., Guymer R.H., et al. First-in-human trial of a novel suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis. PloS one. 2014; 9 (12). https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115239</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palanker D., Vankov A., Huie P., et al. Design of a high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis. J. Neural. Eng. 2005; 2: 105–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palanker D., Vankov A., Huie P., et al. Design of a high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis. J. Neural. Eng. 2005; 2: 105–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humayun M.S., de Juan E.Jr., Dagnelie G. The Bionic Eye: A Quarter Century of Retinal Prosthesis Research and Development. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123 (10): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humayun M.S., de Juan E.Jr., Dagnelie G. The Bionic Eye: A Quarter Century of Retinal Prosthesis Research and Development. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123 (10): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiland J.D., Cho A.K., Humayun M.S. Retinal prostheses: current clinical results and future needs. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118 (11): 2227–37. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.08.042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiland J.D., Cho A.K., Humayun M.S. Retinal prostheses: current clinical results and future needs. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118 (11): 2227–37. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.08.042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yue L., Weiland J.D., Roska B., et al. Retinal stimulation strategies to restore vision: Fundamentals and systems. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2016; 53: 21–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yue L., Weiland J.D., Roska B., et al. Retinal stimulation strategies to restore vision: Fundamentals and systems. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2016; 53: 21–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo Y.H., da Cruz L. The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2016; 50: 89–107. doi:10.1016/ j.preteyeres.2015.09.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo Y.H., da Cruz L. The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2016; 50: 89–107. doi:10.1016/ j.preteyeres.2015.09.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zrenner E., Bartz-Schmidt K.U., Benav H., et al. Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2011; 278 (1711): 1489–97. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1747</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zrenner E., Bartz-Schmidt K.U., Benav H., et al. Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2011; 278 (1711): 1489–97. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1747</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gabel V.P., ed. Artificial Vision: A Clinical Guide. Springer; 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabel V.P., ed. Artificial Vision: A Clinical Guide. Springer; 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hornig R., Zehnder T. The IMI Retinal Implant System. In: Humayun MS., Weiland JD., Chader G., Greenbaum EX., eds. Artificial Sight: Basic Research, Biomedical Engineering, and Clinical Advances. Springer; 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hornig R., Zehnder T. The IMI Retinal Implant System. In: Humayun MS., Weiland JD., Chader G., Greenbaum EX., eds. Artificial Sight: Basic Research, Biomedical Engineering, and Clinical Advances. Springer; 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly S.K., Shire D.B. A Hermetic Wireless Subretinal Neurostimulator for Vision Prostheses. IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering. 2011; 58 (11): 3197–205. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2165713</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly S.K., Shire D.B. A Hermetic Wireless Subretinal Neurostimulator for Vision Prostheses. IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering. 2011; 58 (11): 3197–205. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2165713</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keseru.. M., Feucht M., Bornfeld N., et al. Acute electrical stimulation of the human retina with an epiretinal electrode array. Acta ophthalmologica. 2012; 90 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02288.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keseru.. M., Feucht M., Bornfeld N., et al. Acute electrical stimulation of the human retina with an epiretinal electrode array. Acta ophthalmologica. 2012; 90 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02288.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fornos A.P., Sommerhalder J., da Cruz L., et al. Temporal properties of visual perception on electrical stimulation of the retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012; 53 (6): 2720–31. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9344</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fornos A.P., Sommerhalder J., da Cruz L., et al. Temporal properties of visual perception on electrical stimulation of the retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012; 53 (6): 2720–31. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9344</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хайкин С. Нейронные сети: полный курс, 2-е издание. Издательский дом Вильямс: 2008. Haykin S.S. Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation. Tsinghua University Press: 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хайкин С. Нейронные сети: полный курс, 2-е издание. Издательский дом Вильямс: 2008. Haykin S.S. Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation. Tsinghua University Press: 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posch C., Matolin D., Wohlgenannt R., et al. Live demonstration: Asynchronous time-based image sensor (ATIS) camera with full-custom ae processor. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). Proc. of 2010 IEEE International Symposium. 2010; 1392–2. doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2010.5537265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posch C., Matolin D., Wohlgenannt R., et al. Live demonstration: Asynchronous time-based image sensor (ATIS) camera with full-custom ae processor. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). Proc. of 2010 IEEE International Symposium. 2010; 1392–2. doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2010.5537265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klauke S., Goertz M., Rein S., et al. Stimulation with a wireless intraocular epiretinal implant elicits visual percepts in blind humans. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52: 449–55. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klauke S., Goertz M., Rein S., et al. Stimulation with a wireless intraocular epiretinal implant elicits visual percepts in blind humans. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52: 449–55. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mokwa W., Goertz M., Koch C., et al. Intraocular epiretinal prosthesis to restore vision in blind humans. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2008; 2008: 5790–3. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokwa W., Goertz M., Koch C., et al. Intraocular epiretinal prosthesis to restore vision in blind humans. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2008; 2008: 5790–3. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650530</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roessler G. Laube T., Brockmann C., et al. Implantation and explantation of a wireless epiretinal retina implant device: observations during the EPIRET3 prospective clinical trial. Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 2009; 50 (6): 3003–3008. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2752</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roessler G. Laube T., Brockmann C., et al. Implantation and explantation of a wireless epiretinal retina implant device: observations during the EPIRET3 prospective clinical trial. Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 2009; 50 (6): 3003–3008. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2752</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow A.Y., Chow V.Y., Packo K.H., et al. The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 460–9. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.460</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow A.Y., Chow V.Y., Packo K.H., et al. The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 460–9. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.460</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green M. A., Emery K. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45). Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications. 2015; 23 (1): 1–9. https:// doi.org/10.1002/pip.2978</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green M. A., Emery K. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45). Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications. 2015; 23 (1): 1–9. https:// doi.org/10.1002/pip.2978</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathieson K., Loudin J., Goetz G., et al. Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis with High Pixel Density. Nat. Photonics. 2012; 6: 391–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathieson K., Loudin J., Goetz G., et al. Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis with High Pixel Density. Nat. Photonics. 2012; 6: 391–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suaning G.J., Lovell N.H., Lehmann T. Neuromodulation of the retina from the suprachoroidal space: The Phoenix 99 implant. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS). IEEE. 2014; 256–9. doi: 10.1109/ BioCAS.2014.6981711</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suaning G.J., Lovell N.H., Lehmann T. Neuromodulation of the retina from the suprachoroidal space: The Phoenix 99 implant. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS). IEEE. 2014; 256–9. doi: 10.1109/ BioCAS.2014.6981711</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng D.L., Greenberg P.B., Borton D.A. Advances in retinal prosthetic research: a systematic review of engineering and clinical characteristics of current prosthetic initiatives Current eye research. 2017; 42 (3): 334–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2016.1270326</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng D.L., Greenberg P.B., Borton D.A. Advances in retinal prosthetic research: a systematic review of engineering and clinical characteristics of current prosthetic initiatives Current eye research. 2017; 42 (3): 334–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2016.1270326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujikado T., Morimoto T., Sakaguchi H., et al. Clinical Trial of Chronic Implantation of Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation System for Retinal Prosthesis. Sensors and Materials. 2012; 24 (4): 181–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujikado T., Morimoto T., Sakaguchi H., et al. Clinical Trial of Chronic Implantation of Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation System for Retinal Prosthesis. Sensors and Materials. 2012; 24 (4): 181–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujikado T., Kamei M., Sakaguch H., et al. Testing of semichronically implanted retinal prosthesis by suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52 (7): 4726–33. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6836</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujikado T., Kamei M., Sakaguch H., et al. Testing of semichronically implanted retinal prosthesis by suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52 (7): 4726–33. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6836</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly S.K., Shire D.B., Chen J., et al. A hermetic wireless subretinal neurostimulator for vision prostheses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2011; 58 (11): 3197–205. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2165713</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly S.K., Shire D.B., Chen J., et al. A hermetic wireless subretinal neurostimulator for vision prostheses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2011; 58 (11): 3197–205. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2165713</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yue L., Falabella P., Christopher P., et al. Ten-year follow-up of a blind patient chronically implanted with epiretinal prosthesis Argus I. Ophthalmology. 2015; 122 (12): 2545–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.08.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yue L., Falabella P., Christopher P., et al. Ten-year follow-up of a blind patient chronically implanted with epiretinal prosthesis Argus I. Ophthalmology. 2015; 122 (12): 2545–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.08.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raz-Prag D., Gefen R., Weinberger D. A newly developed surgical technique for epiretinal implantation of retinal prosthesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012 March; 53 (14): 5522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raz-Prag D., Gefen R., Weinberger D. A newly developed surgical technique for epiretinal implantation of retinal prosthesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012 March; 53 (14): 5522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veraart C., Raftopoulos C., Mortimer J.T., et al. Visual sensations produced by optic nerve stimulation using an implanted self-sizing spiral cuff electrode. Brain Res. 1998; 813 (1): 181–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00068993(98)00977-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veraart C., Raftopoulos C., Mortimer J.T., et al. Visual sensations produced by optic nerve stimulation using an implanted self-sizing spiral cuff electrode. Brain Res. 1998; 813 (1): 181–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00068993(98)00977-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panetsos F., Sanchez-Jimenez A., Cerio E.D., et al. Consistent phosphenes generated by electrical microstimulation of the visual thalamus. An experimental approach for thalamic visual neuroprostheses. Front Neurosci. 2011; 5: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panetsos F., Sanchez-Jimenez A., Cerio E.D., et al. Consistent phosphenes generated by electrical microstimulation of the visual thalamus. An experimental approach for thalamic visual neuroprostheses. Front Neurosci. 2011; 5: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pezaris J.S., Eskandar E.N. Getting signals into the brain: visual prosthetics through thalamic microstimulation. Neurosurg. Focus. 2009; 27: 1–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pezaris J.S., Eskandar E.N. Getting signals into the brain: visual prosthetics through thalamic microstimulation. Neurosurg. Focus. 2009; 27: 1–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maguire A.M., Simonelli F., Pierce E.A., et al. Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber’s congenital amaurosis. 2008; 358 (21): 2240–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maguire A.M., Simonelli F., Pierce E.A., et al. Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber’s congenital amaurosis. 2008; 358 (21): 2240–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bainbridge J.W.B., Smith A.J., Barker S.S., et al. Effect of Gene Therapy on Visual Function in Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis. 2008; 358 (21): 2231–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bainbridge J.W.B., Smith A.J., Barker S.S., et al. Effect of Gene Therapy on Visual Function in Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis. 2008; 358 (21): 2231–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hauswirth W.W., Aleman T.S., Kaushal S., et al. Treatment of Leber congenital amaurosis due to RPE65 mutations by ocular subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus gene vector: short-term results of a phase I trial. 2008; 19 (10): 979–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2008.107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hauswirth W.W., Aleman T.S., Kaushal S., et al. Treatment of Leber congenital amaurosis due to RPE65 mutations by ocular subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus gene vector: short-term results of a phase I trial. 2008; 19 (10): 979–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2008.107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simonelli F., Maguire A.M., Testa F., et al. Gene therapy for Leber’s congenital amaurosis is safe and effective through 1.5 years after vector administration. 2010; 18 (3): 643–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2009.277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonelli F., Maguire A.M., Testa F., et al. Gene therapy for Leber’s congenital amaurosis is safe and effective through 1.5 years after vector administration. 2010; 18 (3): 643–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2009.277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marc R., Pfeiffer R., Jones B. Retinal prosthetics, optogenetics, and chemical photos witches. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014; 5 (10): 895–901. doi: 10.1021/cn5001233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marc R., Pfeiffer R., Jones B. Retinal prosthetics, optogenetics, and chemical photos witches. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014; 5 (10): 895–901. doi: 10.1021/cn5001233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mourot A., Kienzler M. A., Banghart M. R., et al. Tuning photochromic ion channel blockers. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2011; 2: 536—43. doi: 10.1021/cn200037p</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mourot A., Kienzler M. A., Banghart M. R., et al. Tuning photochromic ion channel blockers. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2011; 2: 536—43. doi: 10.1021/cn200037p</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polosukhina A., Litt J., Tochitsky I., et al. Photochemical restoration of visual responses in blind mice. Neuron. 2012; 75: 271—82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polosukhina A., Litt J., Tochitsky I., et al. Photochemical restoration of visual responses in blind mice. Neuron. 2012; 75: 271—82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tochitsky I., Polosukhina A., Degtyar V.E., et al. Restoring visual function to blind mice with a photoswitch that exploits electrophysiological remodeling of retinal ganglion cells. Neuron. 2014; 81: 800—13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tochitsky I., Polosukhina A., Degtyar V.E., et al. Restoring visual function to blind mice with a photoswitch that exploits electrophysiological remodeling of retinal ganglion cells. Neuron. 2014; 81: 800—13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones B.W., Marc R.E. Retinal remodeling during retinal degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 2005; 81: 123–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones B.W., Marc R.E. Retinal remodeling during retinal degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 2005; 81: 123–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barrett J.M., Berlinguer-Palmini R., Degenaar P. Optogenetic approaches to retinal prosthesis. Visual neuroscience. 2014; 31 (4–5): 345-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523814000212</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barrett J.M., Berlinguer-Palmini R., Degenaar P. Optogenetic approaches to retinal prosthesis. Visual neuroscience. 2014; 31 (4–5): 345-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523814000212</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sachs H.G. Transchoroidal subretinal chip implantation in blind retinal pigmentosa patients. The choroidal challenge. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2016; 2: 27–32. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-2-27-32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sachs H.G. Transchoroidal subretinal chip implantation in blind retinal pigmentosa patients. The choroidal challenge. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2016; 2: 27–32. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-2-27-32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ameri H., Ratanapakorn T., Ufer S., et al. Toward a wide-field retinal prosthesis. J. Neural. Eng. 2009; 6 (3): 122–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ameri H., Ratanapakorn T., Ufer S., et al. Toward a wide-field retinal prosthesis. J. Neural. Eng. 2009; 6 (3): 122–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сомов Е.Е. Клиническая анатомия органа зрения человека. 4-е изд. Москва: МЕДпресс информ; 2016. Somov E.E. Clinical ophthalmology. Moscow: MEDpress-inform; 2016 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сомов Е.Е. Клиническая анатомия органа зрения человека. 4-е изд. Москва: МЕДпресс информ; 2016. Somov E.E. Clinical ophthalmology. Moscow: MEDpress-inform; 2016 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалевский Е.И. Офтальмология: учебник. Медицина; 1995. Kovalevskiy E.I. Ophthalmology: textbook. Moscow: Meditsina; 1995 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ковалевский Е.И. Офтальмология: учебник. Медицина; 1995. Kovalevskiy E.I. Ophthalmology: textbook. Moscow: Meditsina; 1995 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franks W., Schenker I., Schmutz P., et al. Impedance characterization and modeling of electrodes for biomedical applications. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering: 2005. 52 (7): 129–1302. doi: 10.1109/ TBME.2005.847523</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franks W., Schenker I., Schmutz P., et al. Impedance characterization and modeling of electrodes for biomedical applications. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering: 2005. 52 (7): 129–1302. doi: 10.1109/ TBME.2005.847523</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Argus® II. Retinal Prosthesis System. Patient Manual Copyright© Second Sight Medical Products, Inc. 2012: 1–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Argus® II. Retinal Prosthesis System. Patient Manual Copyright© Second Sight Medical Products, Inc. 2012: 1–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiland J.D., Humayun M.S. Retinal Prosthesis. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2014; 61(5): 1412–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiland J.D., Humayun M.S. Retinal Prosthesis. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2014; 61(5): 1412–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gosalia K., Lazzi G., Humayun M. Investigation of a microwave data telemetry link for a retinal prosthesis. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2004; 52 (8): 1925–33. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2004.832007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gosalia K., Lazzi G., Humayun M. Investigation of a microwave data telemetry link for a retinal prosthesis. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2004; 52 (8): 1925–33. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2004.832007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carpenter R.L. Ocular effects of microwave radiation. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1979; 55 (11): 1048–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carpenter R.L. Ocular effects of microwave radiation. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1979; 55 (11): 1048–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blahut R.E. Theory and practice of error control codes. Reading (Ma) etc. Addison-Wesley: 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blahut R.E. Theory and practice of error control codes. Reading (Ma) etc. Addison-Wesley: 1983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stingl K., Schippert R., Bartz-Schmidt K.U., et al. Interim Results of a Multicenter Trial with the New Electronic Subretinal Implant Alpha AMS in 15 Patients Blind from Inherited Retinal Degenerations. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2017; 11: 445. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stingl K., Schippert R., Bartz-Schmidt K.U., et al. Interim Results of a Multicenter Trial with the New Electronic Subretinal Implant Alpha AMS in 15 Patients Blind from Inherited Retinal Degenerations. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2017; 11: 445. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zrenner E. Fighting blindness with microelectronics. Science translational medicine. 2013; 5 (210): 210. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007399</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zrenner E. Fighting blindness with microelectronics. Science translational medicine. 2013; 5 (210): 210. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007399</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow A.Y. Retinal prostheses development in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Progress and comparison. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013; 2 (4): 253–68. doi: 10.1097/APO.0b013e3182a0b4fe</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow A.Y. Retinal prostheses development in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Progress and comparison. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013; 2 (4): 253–68. doi: 10.1097/APO.0b013e3182a0b4fe</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly S.K., Shire D.B., Chen J., et al. Developments on the Boston 256-channel retinal implant. Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), 2013 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE: 2013; 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ ICMEW.2013.6618445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly S.K., Shire D.B., Chen J., et al. Developments on the Boston 256-channel retinal implant. Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), 2013 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE: 2013; 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ ICMEW.2013.6618445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverman A. Healing the Blind: Perspectives of Blind Persons on Methods to Restore Sight. Nanotechnology, the Brain, and the Future. Springer, Dordrecht. 2013; 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1787-9_9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverman A. Healing the Blind: Perspectives of Blind Persons on Methods to Restore Sight. Nanotechnology, the Brain, and the Future. Springer, Dordrecht. 2013; 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1787-9_9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
