<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2025-18-3-62-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-1878</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сопоставление офтальмологической симптоматики и данных ультразвукового исследования сосудов головного мозга и орбиты в диагностике и лечении прямых каротиднокавернозных соустий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparison of ophthalmological symptoms and ultrasound data of the vessels of the brain and orbit in the diagnosis and treatment of direct carotidcavernous fistulas</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Табашникова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabashnikova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Владимировна Табашникова — канд. мед. наук, офтальмолог, отделение нейроофтальмологии</p><p>ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, д. 16, Москва, 125047</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana V. Tabashnikova — Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist, neuroophthalmology department</p><p>16, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ttabashnikova@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серова</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Константиновна Серова — д-р мед. наук, профессор, руководитель отделения нейроофтальмологии</p><p>ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, д. 16, Москва, 125047</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya K. Serova — Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of the neuroophthalmology department</p><p>16, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волобуева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volobueva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Александровна Волобуева — врач отделения ультразвуковой диагностики</p><p>ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, д. 16, Москва, 125047</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna A. Volobueva — physician of the ultrasound diagnostics department </p><p>16, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галина Анатольевна Денисова — канд. мед. наук, заведующая отделением ультразвуковой диагностики</p><p>ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, д. 16, Москва, 125047</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina A. Denisova — Cand. of Med. Sci., head of the ultrasound diagnostics department</p><p>16, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Борисович Яковлев — д-р мед. наук, заведующий отделением реконструктивной хирургии магистральных артерий головного мозга</p><p>ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, д. 16, Москва, 125047</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey B. Yakovlev — Dr. of Med. Sci., head of the department of reconstructive surgery of the main arteries of the brain</p><p>16, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery named after Academician N.N. Burdenko</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Табашникова Т.В., Серова Н.К., Волобуева А.А., Денисова Г.А., Яковлев С.Б., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Табашникова Т.В., Серова Н.К., Волобуева А.А., Денисова Г.А., Яковлев С.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tabashnikova T.V., Serova N.K., Volobueva A.A., Denisova G.A., Yakovlev S.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1878">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1878</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы — оценить роль результатов офтальмологического и ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ) в диагностике и оценке эффективности лечения прямых каротидно-кавернозных соустий (ПККС).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Обследовано 10 пациентов (7 мужчин и 3 женщины) в возрасте от 19 до 65 лет с ПККС. Всем пациентам проведено полное офтальмологическое обследование и УЗИ сосудов головного мозга и орбиты до и после лечения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Диагноз ПККС верифицирован путем проведения селективной церебральной ангиографии сосудов головного мозга, являющейся золотым стандартом в обследовании больных с ПККС. Травматическое ПККС выявили у 8 больных, спонтанное — у 2. У всех пациентов при офтальмологическом осмотре обнаружили признаки нарушения венозного оттока из глаза и глазницы. При проведении УЗИ выявлены прямые и косвенные признаки ПККС. Ангиографическое исследование совмещалось с эндоваскулярным вмешательством. Семи пациентам выполнены реконструктивные операции, трем — деконструктивные операции. В раннем послеоперационном периоде у всех пациентов в разной степени уменьшились застойные явления в глазу и глазнице. По данным УЗИ после оперативного вмешательства у всех пациентов отсутствовали признаки функционирования ПККС, отмечалось уменьшение размеров верхней глазной вены и нормализации кровотока в ней.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявлена высокая корреляция результатов офтальмологического обследования и УЗИ в диагностике ПККС и раннем послеоперационном периоде. Офтальмологическая симптоматика позволяет диагностировать нарушение венозного оттока из глаза и орбиты. УЗИ позволяет визуализировать признаки ПККС, определять гемодинамические характеристики соустья и вовлеченных в патологический процесс сосудов, количественно оценивать выявленные изменения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of ophthalmological and ultrasound examination (US) in the diagnosis and evaluation of the treatment efficiency of direct carotid-cavernous fistulas (DCCF).</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Ten patients (7 men and 3 women) aged 19 to 65 years with DCCF were examined. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and US of the cerebral and orbital vessels before and after treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The diagnosis of DCCF was verified by selective cerebral angiography of the cerebral vessels, which is the gold standard in the examination of patients with DCCF. Traumatic DCCF was detected in 8 patients, spontaneous DCCF was detected in 2 patients. In all patients, ophthalmological examination revealed signs of impaired venous outflow from the eye and orbit. US revealed direct and indirect signs of DCCF. Angiographic examination was combined with endovascular intervention. Reconstructive surgeries were performed in 7 patients, and deconstructive surgeries were performed in 3 patients. In the early postoperative period, all patients showed varying degrees of reduction in congestion in the eye and orbit. According to US data after surgery, all patients showed no signs of functioning of DCCF, a decrease in the size of the superior ophthalmic vein and normalization of blood flow in it.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A high correlation was found between the results of ophthalmological and US examination in diagnosing the DCCF and in the early postoperative period. Ophthalmological symptoms allow diagnosing impaired venous outflow from the eye and orbit. US allows visualizing signs of the DCCF, determining hemodynamic characteristics of the anastomosis and vessels involved in the pathological process, and quantitatively assessing the changes detected.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>каротидно-кавернозное соустье</kwd><kwd>экзофтальм</kwd><kwd>пульсирующий шум</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковая диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carotid-cavernous fistula</kwd><kwd>exophthalmos</kwd><kwd>pulsating noise</kwd><kwd>ultrasound diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев С.Б., Бочаров А.В., Бухарин Е.Ю., Арустамян С.Р., Архангельская Я.Н. Прямые каротидно-кавернозные соустья: клиническая картина, ангиоархитектоника и эндоваскулярное лечение. Вопросы нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко. 2008; 4: 3–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev S.В., Bocharov A.V., Bukharin E.Yu, Arustamian S.R., Arkhangelskaya Ya.N. Direct carotid-cavernous fistulas: clinical presentation, angioarchitectonics and endovascular management. Burdenko s Journal of Neurosurgery. 2008; 4: 3–11 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson AD, Miller NR. Carotid-cavernous fistula: current concepts in aetiology, investigation, and management. Eye. 2018; 32 (2): 164–72. doi: 10.1038/eye.2017.240</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henderson AD, Miller NR. Carotid-cavernous fistula: current concepts in aetiology, investigation, and management. Eye. 2018; 32 (2): 164–72. doi: 10.1038/eye.2017.240</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архангельская Я.Н., Яковлев С.Б. Офтальмологическая симптоматика артериовенозных фистул в кавернозном синусе. В кн.: Серова Н.К., ред. Клиническая нейроофтальмология, нейрохирургические аспекты. Тверь; 2011; 238–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arkhangelskaya Ya.N., Yakovlev S.В. Ophthalmological symptoms of arteriovenous fistulas in the cavernous sinus. In: Serova N.K., ed. Clinical neuro-ophthalmology, neurosurgical aspects. Tver; 2011; 238–45 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев С.Б., Бочаров А.В., Бухарин Е.Ю., Архангельская Я.Н. Эндоваскулярное разобщение травматической каротидно-кавернозной фистулы с помощью стент-графта. Случай из практики. Вестник «Джомедика информирует». 2005; 2: 8–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev S.В., Bocharov A.V., Bukharin E.Yu., Arkhangelskaya Ya.N. Endovascular disconnection of a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula using a stent graft. Case from practice. Vestnik “Jomedicainforms”. 2005; 2: 8–11 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Čmelo J. Carotid-cavernous fistula from the perspective of an ophthalmologist. A Review. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2020; 1: 1–8. doi: 10.31348/2020/8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">melo J. Carotid-cavernous fistula from the perspective of an ophthalmologist. A Review. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2020; 1: 1–8. doi: 10.31348/2020/8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keltner JL, Satterfield D, Dublin AB, Lee BC. Dural and carotid cavernous sinus fistulas: diagnosis, management, and complications. Ophthalmology. 1987; 94: (12): 1585–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(87)33258-0150</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keltner JL, Satterfield D, Dublin AB, Lee BC. Dural and carotid cavernous sinus fistulas: diagnosis, management, and complications. Ophthalmology. 1987; 94: (12): 1585–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(87)33258-0150</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McManus N, Offman RP, Provatas TL, Sievertsen EE. An eye with a heartbeat: Carotid cavernous fistula - a case report. J Emerg Med. 2018; 55 (3): 75–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.05.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McManus N, Offman RP, Provatas TL, Sievertsen EE. An eye with a heartbeat: Carotid cavernous fistula - a case report. J Emerg Med. 2018; 55 (3): 75–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.05.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D'Angelo L, Francesco Paglia F, Caporlingua A. Atypical manifestation of direct low-flow carotid-cavernous fistula: Case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2019; 125: 456–60. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D'Angelo L, Francesco Paglia F, Caporlingua A. Atypical manifestation of direct low-flow carotid-cavernous fistula: Case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2019; 125: 456–60. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Табашникова Т.В., Серова Н.К., Яковлев С.Б. Особенности дифференциальной диагностики прямого каротидно-кавернозного соустья. Клинический случай. Офтальмологические ведомости. 2023; 16 (1): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.17816/OV112530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabashnikova T.V., Serova N.K., Yakovlev S.В. Features of differential diagnosis of direct carotid-cavernous anastomosis. Clinical case. Oftal’mologicheskie vedomosti. 2023; 16 (1): 99–106 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/OV112530</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чечеткин А.О., Каршиева А.Р., Синицын И.А. Коновалов Р.Н., Горст Н.Х. Ранняя диагностика прямого каротидно-кавернозного соустья. Нервные болезни. 2021; 1: 78–81. doi: 10.24412/226-0757-2021-12311</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chechetkin A.O., Karshieva A.R., Sinitsyn I.A., Konovalov R.N., Gorst N.Kh. Early diagnosis of direct carotid-cavernous fistula. Nervous diseases. 2021; 1: 78–81 (In Russ.). doi: 10.24412/226-0757-2021-12311</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venturini M, Cristel G, Marzoli SB, et al. Orbital color Doppler ultrasound as noninvasive tool in the diagnosis of anterior-draining carotid-cavernous fistula. Radiol Med. 2016; 121 (4): 301–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-015-0607-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venturini M, Cristel G, Marzoli SB, et al. Orbital color Doppler ultrasound as noninvasive tool in the diagnosis of anterior-draining carotid-cavernous fistula. Radiol Med. 2016; 121 (4): 301–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-015-0607-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катькова Е.А., Важенин А.В. Способ диагностики каротидно-кавернозного соустья. Патент RU 2284153C2, 2006. https://findpatent.ru/patent/228/2284153.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katkova E.A., Vazhenin A.V. Ability to diagnose carotid-cavernous anastomosis. RU Patent 2284153C2, 2006 (In Russ.). https://findpatent.ru/patent/228/2284153.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чечеткин А.О., Каршиева А.Р., Синицын И.А., Коновалов Р.Н., Горст Н.Х. Ультразвуковая диагностика и мониторирование каротидно-кавернозного соустья: краткий обзор литературы и клиническое наблюдение. Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика. 2021; 1: 50–64. https://doi.org/10.24835/1607-0771-2021-1-50-64</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chechetkin A.O., Karshieva A.R., Sinitsyn I.A., Konovalov R.N., Gorst N.Kh. Doppler ultrasound in carotid-cavernous fistula diagnosis and follow-up: brief literature review and case report. Ultrasound &amp; Functional Diagnostics. 2021; (1): 50–64 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24835/1607-0771-2021-1-50-64</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tseng GW, Kuo TY, Yen PS, Tsai ChH, Lu MK. Sonographic clue in nontraumatic carotid cavernous fistula: report of a case and literature review. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2020 Mar 30; 29 (1): 18–23. PMID: 32285430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tseng GW, Kuo TY, Yen PS, Tsai ChH, Lu MK. Sonographic clue in nontraumatic carotid cavernous fistula: report of a case and literature review. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2020 Mar 30; 29 (1): 18–23. PMID: 32285430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Constantin SM, Ionescu M, Antochi F, et al. The utility of Doppler ultrasonography in carotid-cavernous fistulas. In: Proc. of European Society of Radiology. ECR 2018 Feb 28–Mar 04; Vienna, Austria. Poster C-1201: 1–27. doi: 10.1594/ecr2018/с-1201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Constantin SM, Ionescu M, Antochi F, et al. The utility of Doppler ultrasonography in carotid-cavernous fistulas. In: Proc. of European Society of Radiology. ECR 2018 Feb 28–Mar 04; Vienna, Austria. Poster C-1201: 1–27. doi: 10.1594/ecr2018/с-1201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srinivasan A, Biro NG, Murchison AP, et al. Efficacy of orbital color Doppler imaging and neuroimaging in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistulas. Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2017; 33 (5): 340–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000781</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srinivasan A, Biro NG, Murchison AP, et al. Efficacy of orbital color Doppler imaging and neuroimaging in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistulas. Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2017; 33 (5): 340–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000781</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселева Т.Н., Зайцев М.С., Рамазанова К.А., Луговкина К.В. Возможности цветового дуплексного сканирования в диагностике сосудистой патологии глаза. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2018; 11 (3): 84–94. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-3-84-94</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiseleva T.N., Zaitsev M.S., Ramazanova K.A., Lugovkina K.V. Possibilities of color Duplex Imaging in the diagnosis of ocular vascular pathology. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2018; 11 (3): 84–94 (In Russ.). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-3-84-94</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранова Е.А., Мифтахова Д.З. Ультразвуковые методы диагностики каротидно-кавернозных соустий. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2023; 28 (5S): 37–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranova E.A., Miftakhova D.Z. Ultrasound methods for diagnosing carotid-cavernous anastomosis. Russian journal of cardiology. 2023; 28 (5S): 37–8 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandre AM, Sturiale CL, Bartolo A, et al. Endovascular treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas. Institutional series, systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neuroradiol. 2022; 32 (3): 761–71. doi: 10.1007/s00062-021-01107-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandre AM, Sturiale CL, Bartolo A, et al. Endovascular treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas. Institutional series, systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neuroradiol. 2022; 32 (3): 761–71. doi: 10.1007/s00062-021-01107-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J, Shen X, Miao N, et al. Interventional treatment of traumatic carotidcavernous fistula: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Dec 30; 101 (52): e32265. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J, Shen X, Miao N, et al. Interventional treatment of traumatic carotidcavernous fistula: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Dec 30; 101 (52): e32265. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кружкова Г.В. Ультразвуковая диагностика заболеваний орбиты. В кн. Нероев В.В., Киселева Т.Н., ред. Ультразвуковые исследования в офтальмологии. Руководство для врачей. Москва. 2019; 185–221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruzhkova G.V. Ultrasound diagnosis of orbital diseases. In: Neroev V.V., Kiseleva T.N., ed. Ultrasound examinations in ophthalmology. Guide for doctors. Moscow. 2019; 185–221 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нероев В.В., Киселева Т.Н., ред. Ультразвуковые исследования в офтальмологии. Руководство для врачей. Москва, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neroev V.V., Kiseleva T.N., eds. Ultrasound examinations in ophthalmology. Guide for doctors. Moscow; 2019 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holland LJ, Ranzcr KM, Harrison JD, et al. Endovascular treatment of carotidcavernous sinus fistulas: ophthalmic and visual outcomes. Orbit. 2019 Aug; 38 (4): 290–9. doi: 10.1080/01676830.2018.1544261</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holland LJ, Ranzcr KM, Harrison JD, et al. Endovascular treatment of carotidcavernous sinus fistulas: ophthalmic and visual outcomes. Orbit. 2019 Aug; 38 (4): 290–9. doi: 10.1080/01676830.2018.1544261</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
