helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2025-18-3-139-146helmholtzeyeinstitute-1891Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSCOVID-19 и вакцинация против COVID-19 как возможные триггерные факторы реактивации вирусов герпеса человека и развития герпетических заболеваний глазCOVID-19 and vaccination against COVID-19 as possible trigger factors for the reactivation of human herpes viruses and development of herpetic eye diseasesКричевскаяГ. И.KrichevskayaG. I.

Галина Исааковна Кричевская — канд. мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии и вирусологии

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Galina I. Krichevskaya — Cand. of Med. Sci., leading researcher, department of immunology and virology

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

БалацкаяН. В.BalatskayaN. V.

Наталья Владимировна Балацкая — канд. биол. наук, начальник отдела иммунологии и вирусологии

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Natalia V. Balatskaya — Cand. of Biol. Sci., head of the department of immunology and virology

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

СорожкинаЕ. С.SorozhkinaE. S.

Екатерина Сергеевна Сорожкина — канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии и вирусологии

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Ekaterina S. Sorozhkina — Cand. of Med. Sci., senior researcher, department of immunology and virology

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

skai6@mail.ruФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава РоссииРоссияHelmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye DiseasesRussian Federation202517092025183139146Copyright © Кричевская Г.И., Балацкая Н.В., Сорожкина Е.С., 20252025Кричевская Г.И., Балацкая Н.В., Сорожкина Е.С.Krichevskaya G.I., Balatskaya N.V., Sorozhkina E.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1891

В обзоре обобщены современные данные о влиянии COVID-19 и вакцинации от него на реактивацию вирусов группы герпеса человека (ВГЧ) и связанное с этим развитие герпетических заболеваний глаз. Представлена кумулятивная оценка частоты реактивации отдельных ВГЧ у пациентов с CОVID-19, и показано, что многие клинические проявления при COVID-19 могут быть вызваны реактивацией разных ВГЧ. Описано развитие герпетических острых некрозов сетчатки (ОНС), кератитов, подтвержденных наличием генома одного из ВГЧ во внутриглазных жидкостях, клетках роговицы и эффективностью противогерпетических средств (валацикловир, фамцикловир). ВГЧ-заболевания глаз могут возникнуть в разные сроки COVID-19: острый период, стадию выздоровления, отдаленные сроки (затяжной COVID-19). Системная патология, эпизоды офтальмогерпеса в анамнезе, прием кортикостероидов и иммуномодулирующих препаратов способствуют реактивации ВГЧ и развитию герпетических заболеваний глаз на фоне коронавирусной инфекции. Осложнения со стороны глаз описаны при использовании разных типов вакцин против COVID-19. Хотя заболевания глаз регистрируют значительно реже осложнений другой локализации, при неправильной диагностике они могут привести к тяжелым функциональным исходам. Чаще всего глазную патологию у вакцинированных (ОНС, кератиты, рецидивы герпетического кератита) вызывает вирус варицелла-зостер, хотя выявляются и другие ВГЧ. Хотя вопрос о продолжении вакцинации после реакции на одну из доз вакцин решается неоднозначно, наличие побочных явлений требует тщательной оценки показаний и противопоказаний у конкретного человека. На данный момент большинство авторов полагают, что реактивация ВГЧ с возникновением герпетических заболеваний глаз у вакцинированных лиц встречается редко, их причинно-следственная связь с введением вакцины нуждается в подтверждении. Для достоверной сравнительной оценки эффективности и безопасности имеющихся на рынке вакцин необходимы дальнейшие многоцентровые исследования с включением контрольных групп невакцинированных лиц.

The review summarizes current data on the impact of COVID-19 and vaccination against it on the reactivation of human herpes viruses (HHV) and the associated development of herpetic eye diseases. A cumulative assessment of the reactivation frequency of distinct HHVs in patients with COVID-19 is presented and it shows that many COVID-19 clinical manifestations can be caused by reactivation of different HHVs. The development of herpetic acute retinal necrosis (ARN) and keratitis is described, confirmed by the presence of one of the HHVs genome in intraocular fluids, corneal cells and by the effectiveness of antiherpetic drugs (valaciclovir, famciclovir). HHV eye diseases can occur during different periods of COVID-19: acute period, recovery stage, long-term period (chronic COVID-19). Systemic pathology, history of ophthalmoherpes, corticosteroids and immunomodulatory drugs intake contribute to the reactivation of HHV and the development of herpetic eye diseases against the background of coronavirus infection. Eye complications have been reported with different types of COVID-19 vaccines. Although eye diseases are recorded much less frequently than complications of other localizations, if incorrectly diagnosed they can lead to severe functional outcomes. Most often, eye pathology in vaccinated people (ARN, keratitis, relapses of herpetic keratitis) is caused by the varicellazoster virus, although other HHVs were also detected. Although the issue of continuing vaccination after a reaction to one of the vaccine doses is controversial, the presence of side effects requires a careful assessment of all the indications and contraindications for a particular person. At the moment, most authors believe that HHV reactivation with the uprise of herpetic eye disease in vaccinated individuals is rare, and that cause-and-effect relationship with vaccine introduction needs to be confirmed. Further multicenter studies involving control groups of unvaccinated individuals are needed to comparatively assess the effectiveness and safety of commercially available vaccines.

COVID-19вакцины против COVID-19ВГЧвирус варицелла-зостерострый некроз сетчаткиCOVID-19COVID-19 vaccinesHHVvaricella-zoster virusacute retinal necrosisReferencesSen M, Honavar SG, Sharma N, Sachdev MS. COVID-19 and Eye: A Review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021; 69 (3): 488–9. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_297_21Sen M, Honavar SG, Sharma N, Sachdev MS. COVID-19 and Eye: A Review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021; 69 (3): 488–9. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_297_21Dong J, Chen R, Zhao H, Zhu Y. COVID-19 and ocular complications: A review of ocular manifestations, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies. Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res. 2023; 3 (1): 33–8. doi: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.11.001Dong J, Chen R, Zhao H, Zhu Y. COVID-19 and ocular complications: A review of ocular manifestations, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies. Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res. 2023; 3 (1): 33–8. doi: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.11.001Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, et al. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021; 16 (1): 103–12. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8256Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, et al. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021; 16 (1): 103–12. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8256Ortiz-Egea JM, Ruiz-Medrano J, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Retinal imaging study diagnoses in COVID-19: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021; 15 (1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s13256-020-02620-5Ortiz-Egea JM, Ruiz-Medrano J, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Retinal imaging study diagnoses in COVID-19: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021; 15 (1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s13256-020-02620-5Юсеф Н.Ю., Анджелова Д.В., Казарян Э.Э., Воробьева М.В. Особенности течения и редкие офтальмологические проявления постковидного синдрома. Офтальмология. 2023; 20 (2): 201–7. https://doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2023-2-201-207Yusef N.Yu., Andzhelova D.V., Kazaryan E.E., Vorobyeva M.V. Features of the course and rare ophthalmic manifestations of post-COVID syndrome. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2023; 20 (2): 201–7 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2023-2-201-207Walia S, Bhaisare V, Rawat P, et al. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: Preliminary report from a tertiary eye care centre. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021; 69 (12): 3685–9. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2085_21Walia S, Bhaisare V, Rawat P, et al. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: Preliminary report from a tertiary eye care centre. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021; 69 (12): 3685–9. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2085_21Соломай Т.В., Семененко Т.А., Филатов Н.Н. и др. Реактивация инфекции, вызванной вирусом Эпштейна — Барр (Herpesviridae: Lymphocryptovirus, HHV-4), на фоне COVID-19: эпидемиологические особенности. Вопросы вирусологии. 2021. 66 (2): 152–61. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-40Solomay T.V., Semenenko T.A., Filatov N.N., et al. Reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (Herpesviridae: Lymphocryptovirus, HHV-4) infection during COVID-19: epidemiological features. Problems of Virology. 2021; 66 (2): 152–61 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-40Walker PJ, Siddell SG, Lefkowitz EJ, et al. Changes to virus taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on taxonomy of Viruses (2019). Arch. Virol. 2019; 164: 2417–29. doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04306-wWalker PJ, Siddell SG, Lefkowitz EJ, et al. Changes to virus taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on taxonomy of Viruses (2019). Arch. Virol. 2019; 164: 2417–29. doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04306-wMaple PAC. COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and human herpesviruses infections. Vaccines (Basel). 2023; 11 (2): 232. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020232Maple PAC. COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and human herpesviruses infections. Vaccines (Basel). 2023; 11 (2): 232. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020232Shafiee A, Teymouri Athar MM, Amini MJ. Reactivation of herpesviruses during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2023; 33 (3): e2437. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2437Shafiee A, Teymouri Athar MM, Amini MJ. Reactivation of herpesviruses during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2023; 33 (3): e2437. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2437Banko A, Miljanovic D, Cirkovic A. Systematic review with meta-analysis of active herpesvirus infections in patients with COVID-19: Old players on the new field. Int J Infect Dis. 2023; 130: 108–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.036Banko A, Miljanovic D, Cirkovic A. Systematic review with meta-analysis of active herpesvirus infections in patients with COVID-19: Old players on the new field. Int J Infect Dis. 2023; 130: 108–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.036Nishiyama T, Tsujinaka H, Mizusawa Y, et al. Acute retinal necrosis in a patient on immunosuppressive treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022; 22 (1): 462. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02692-5Nishiyama T, Tsujinaka H, Mizusawa Y, et al. Acute retinal necrosis in a patient on immunosuppressive treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022; 22 (1): 462. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02692-5Soni A, Narayanan R, Tyagi M, et al. Acute retinal necrosis as a presenting ophthalmic manifestation in COVID 19 recovered patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021; 29 (4): 722–25. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1938135Soni A, Narayanan R, Tyagi M, et al. Acute retinal necrosis as a presenting ophthalmic manifestation in COVID 19 recovered patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021; 29 (4): 722–25. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1938135Seeßle J, Hippchen T, Schnitzler P, et al. High rate of HSV-1 reactivation in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients: Immunological findings. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (7): e0254129. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254129Seeßle J, Hippchen T, Schnitzler P, et al. High rate of HSV-1 reactivation in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients: Immunological findings. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (7): e0254129. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254129Рюмин А.М., Павлова А.А., Отмахова И.А., Хряева О.Л. Острый некроз сетчатки, вызванный вирусом опоясывающего герпеса. Вестник офтальмологии. 2020; 136 (6): 236–41. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2020136062236Ryumin A.M., Pavlova A.A., Otmahova I.A., Khryaeva O.L. Acute retinal necrosis caused by varicella zoster virus. Russian annals of ophthalmology. 2020; 136 (6): 236–41 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2020136062236Gonzalez MP, Rios R, Pappaterra M, et al. Reactivation of acute retinal necrosis following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2021; 2021: 7336488. doi:10.1155/2021/7336488Gonzalez MP, Rios R, Pappaterra M, et al. Reactivation of acute retinal necrosis following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2021; 2021: 7336488. doi:10.1155/2021/7336488Gupta A, Dixit B, Stamoulas K, Akshikar R. Atypical bilateral acute retinal necrosis in a coronavirus disease 2019 positive immunosuppressed patient. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022; 32 (1): NP94–NP96. doi: 10.1177/1120672120974941Gupta A, Dixit B, Stamoulas K, Akshikar R. Atypical bilateral acute retinal necrosis in a coronavirus disease 2019 positive immunosuppressed patient. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022; 32 (1): NP94–NP96. doi: 10.1177/1120672120974941Hosseini SM, Abrishami M, Zamani G, et al. Acute Bilateral Neuroretinitis and Panuveitis in A patient with coronavirus disease 2019: A case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021; 29 (4): 677–80. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1894457Hosseini SM, Abrishami M, Zamani G, et al. Acute Bilateral Neuroretinitis and Panuveitis in A patient with coronavirus disease 2019: A case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021; 29 (4): 677–80. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1894457Das N, Das J, Pal D. Stromal and endothelial herpes simplex virus keratitis reactivation in the convalescent period of COVID-19 — a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022; 70 (4): 1410–2. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2838_21Das N, Das J, Pal D. Stromal and endothelial herpes simplex virus keratitis reactivation in the convalescent period of COVID-19 — a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022; 70 (4): 1410–2. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2838_21Hernandez JM, Singam H, Babu A, Aslam S, Lakshmi S. SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 conjunctivitis: Concurrent viral infections or a cause-effect result? Cureus. 2021; 13 (1): e12592. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12592Hernandez JM, Singam H, Babu A, Aslam S, Lakshmi S. SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 conjunctivitis: Concurrent viral infections or a cause-effect result? Cureus. 2021; 13 (1): e12592. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12592Majtanova N, Kriskova P, Keri P. Herpes simplex keratitis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A series of five cases. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57 (5): 412. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050412Majtanova N, Kriskova P, Keri P. Herpes simplex keratitis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A series of five cases. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57 (5): 412. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050412Онищенко Г.Г., Сизикова Т.Е., Лебедев В.Н., Борисевич С.В. Сравнительная характеристика вакцин против COVID-19, используемых при проведении массовой иммунизации. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2021; 21 (3): 158–66. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2021-21-3-158-166Onishchenko G.G., Sizikova T.E., Lebedev V.N., Borisevich S.V. Comparative characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation. BIOpreparaty.Prevention, diagnosis, treatment. 2021; 21 (3): 158–66 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2021-21-3-158-166Сокурова А.М. Вакцины от COVID-19 в мире и в Российской Федерации: основные типы и их характеристики. Физическая и реабилитационная медицина. 2022; 4 (1): 68–78. doi: 10.26211/2658-4522-2022-4-1-68-78Sokurova A.M. Vaccines from COVID-19 in the world and in the Russian Federation: Main types and their characteristics. Physiсal and rehabilitation medicine. 2022; 4 (1): 68–78 (In Russ.). doi: 10.26211/2658-4522-2022-4-1-68-78Благов А.В., Букаева А.А., Макаров В.В., Бочкаева З.В. Эффективность и безопасность РНК-вакцин: что известно на сегодняшний день. Медицинская иммунология. 2021; 23 (5): 1017–30. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-SAE-2320Blagov A.V., Bukaeva A.A., Makarov V.V., Bochkaeva Z.V. Safety and efficacy of RNA vaccines: State of the art. Medical Immunology. 2021; 23 (5): 1017–30 (In Russ.). doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-SAE-2320Мурашко М.А., Драпкина О.М. Организационные аспекты вакцинации против новой коронавирусной инфекции. Национальное здравоохранение. 2021; 2 (1): 5–11. https://doi.org/10.47093/2713-069X.2021.2.1.5-11Murashko M.A., Drapkina O.M. Organizational aspects of vaccination against a new coronavirus infection. National Health Care. 2021; 2 (1): 5–11 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.47093/2713-069X.2021.2.1.5-11Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov D, et al. Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021; 397 (10275): 671–81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov D, et al. Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021; 397 (10275): 671–81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8Платонова Т.А., Голубкова А.А., Скляр М.С., Карбовничая Е.А., Смирнова С.С. К вопросу оценки эффективности вакцинации сотрудников медицинских организаций против COVID-19. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2022; 21 (1): 61–6. doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-1-61-66Platonova T.A., Golubkova A.A., Sklyar M.S., Karbovnichaya E.A., Smirnova S.S. On the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination of employees of medical organization against COVID-19. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2022; 21 (1): 61–6 (In Russ.). doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-1-61-66Babamahmoodi F, Saeedi M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, et al. Side effects and Immunogenicity following administration of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers in Iran. Sci Rep. 2021; 11 (1): 21464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00963-7Babamahmoodi F, Saeedi M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, et al. Side effects and Immunogenicity following administration of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers in Iran. Sci Rep. 2021; 11 (1): 21464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00963-7Дабанович В. Побочные эффекты при применении «Гам-Ковид-Вак» в Черногории. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2023; 13 (6): 1150–60. doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-SEF-15628Dabanovic V. Side effects following administration of the Gam-COVID-Vac in Montenegro. Russian journal of infection and immunity. 2023; 13 (6): 1150–60 (In Russ.) . doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-SEF-15628Shafiee A, Amini MJ, Arabzadeh Bahri R. et al. Herpesviruses reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2023; 28 (1): 278. doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01238-9Shafiee A, Amini MJ, Arabzadeh Bahri R. et al. Herpesviruses reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2023; 28 (1): 278. doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01238-9Birabaharan M, Kaelber DC, Karris MY. Risk of herpes zoster reactivation after messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccination: A cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022; 87 (3): 649–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.025Birabaharan M, Kaelber DC, Karris MY. Risk of herpes zoster reactivation after messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccination: A cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022; 87 (3): 649–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.025Mahendradas P, Parmar Y, Mishra SB, еt al. Pole-to-pole involvement of varicella zoster virus reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023; 71 (5): 2001–7. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2942_22Mahendradas P, Parmar Y, Mishra SB, еt al. Pole-to-pole involvement of varicella zoster virus reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023; 71 (5): 2001–7. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2942_22Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 2427–38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028436Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 2427–38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028436Zheng F, Willis A, Kunjukunju N. Acute retinal necrosis from reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022; 30 (5): 1133–5. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.2001540Zheng F, Willis A, Kunjukunju N. Acute retinal necrosis from reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022; 30 (5): 1133–5. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.2001540Lo T, Varma S, Shaw A, Michalova K. Varicella Zoster reactivation causing acute retinal necrosis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a young immunocompetent man. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023; 31 (3): 609–12. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2033795Lo T, Varma S, Shaw A, Michalova K. Varicella Zoster reactivation causing acute retinal necrosis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a young immunocompetent man. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023; 31 (3): 609–12. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2033795Iwai S, Takayama K, Sora D, Takeuchi M. A Case of acute retinal necrosis associated with reactivation of Varicella Zoster virus after COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023; 31 (1): 233–5. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.2001541Iwai S, Takayama K, Sora D, Takeuchi M. A Case of acute retinal necrosis associated with reactivation of Varicella Zoster virus after COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023; 31 (1): 233–5. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.2001541Mishra SB, Mahendradas P, Kawali A, et al. Reactivation of varicella zoster infection presenting as acute retinal necrosis post COVID 19 vaccination in an Asian Indian male. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2023; 33 (1): NP32-NP36. doi: 10.1177/11206721211046485Mishra SB, Mahendradas P, Kawali A, et al. Reactivation of varicella zoster infection presenting as acute retinal necrosis post COVID 19 vaccination in an Asian Indian male. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2023; 33 (1): NP32-NP36. doi: 10.1177/11206721211046485Li Z, Hu F, Li Q, et al. Ocular adverse events after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines (Basel). 2022; 10 (6): 918. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060918Li Z, Hu F, Li Q, et al. Ocular adverse events after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines (Basel). 2022; 10 (6): 918. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060918Ryu KJ, Kim DH. Recurrence of Varicella-Zoster virus keratitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Cornea. 2022; 41 (5): 649–50. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002999Ryu KJ, Kim DH. Recurrence of Varicella-Zoster virus keratitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Cornea. 2022; 41 (5): 649–50. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002999Al-Dwairi RA, Aleshawi A, Adi S, Abu-Zreig L. Reactivation of Herpes Simplex keratitis on a corneal graft following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Med Arch. 2022; 76 (2): 146–8. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2022.76.146-148Al-Dwairi RA, Aleshawi A, Adi S, Abu-Zreig L. Reactivation of Herpes Simplex keratitis on a corneal graft following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Med Arch. 2022; 76 (2): 146–8. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2022.76.146-148Thimmanagari K, Veeraballi S, Roach D, et al. Ipsilateral Zoster Ophthalmicus post COVID-19 vaccine in healthy young adults. Cureus. 2021; 13 (7): e16725. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16725Thimmanagari K, Veeraballi S, Roach D, et al. Ipsilateral Zoster Ophthalmicus post COVID-19 vaccine in healthy young adults. Cureus. 2021; 13 (7): e16725. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16725Singh RB, Parmar UPS, Ichhpujani P, et al. Herpetic eye disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A CDC-VAERS database analysis. Cornea. 2023; 42 (6): 731–8. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003246Singh RB, Parmar UPS, Ichhpujani P, et al. Herpetic eye disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A CDC-VAERS database analysis. Cornea. 2023; 42 (6): 731–8. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003246Li S, Jia X, Yu F, et al. Herpetic keratitis preceded by COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9 (12): 1394. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9121394Li S, Jia X, Yu F, et al. Herpetic keratitis preceded by COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9 (12): 1394. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9121394

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.