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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2025-18-3-158-165</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-1894</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменение метаболизма слезной жидкости при патологии сетчатки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes of tear metabolism in retinal pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-8005</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чеснокова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chesnkova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Борисовна Чеснокова — д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный специалист отдела патофизиологии и биохимии</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya B. Chesnokova — Dr. of Biol. Sci., professor, leading specialist of the department of pathophysiology and biochemistry</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nchesnokova2012@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-0894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нероева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Neroeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Владимировна Нероева — д-р мед. наук, начальник отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Neroeva — Dr. of Med. Sci., head of the department of pathology of the retina and optic nerve</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-4248</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павленко</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlenko</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Аркадьевна Павленко — канд. мед. наук, начальник отдела патофизиологии и биохимии</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana A. Pavlenko — Cand. of Med. Sci., head of the department of patophysiology and biochemistry</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7557-4955</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безнос</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beznos</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Валерьевна Безнос — врач отдела патофизиологии и биохимии</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Beznos — physician, department of patophysiology and biochemistry</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>158</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чеснокова Н.Б., Нероева Н.В., Павленко Т.А., Безнос О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чеснокова Н.Б., Нероева Н.В., Павленко Т.А., Безнос О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chesnkova N.B., Neroeva N.V., Pavlenko T.A., Beznos O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1894">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1894</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлены сведения об изменении состава слезной жидкости (СЖ) при наиболее распространенных заболеваниях сетчатки: диабетической ретинопатии, возрастной макулярной дегенерации, ретинопатии недоношенных, острых нарушениях кровообращения, витреоретинальной патологии, а также при моделировании атрофии ретинального пигментного эпителия и трансплантации индуцированных плюрипотентных клеток. Несмотря на то, что СЖ и сетчатка непосредственно не соприкасаются, существует взаимосвязь между состоянием сетчатки и метаболическими процессами в СЖ, обусловленная общими путями регуляции. Состав СЖ в большей степени, чем состав крови, отражает локальные процессы в глазу, в том числе и в сетчатке. Прослеживается взаимосвязь между уровнем некоторых метаболитов СЖ и стадией патологического процесса в сетчатке, в то время как в крови такая зависимость не всегда выявляется. Приведены сведения об изменении содержания в СЖ различных метаболитов, играющих ключевую роль в патогенезе этих заболеваний: факторов, принимающих участие в воспалении, ангиогенезе, апоптозе, гемостазе, окислительном стрессе, а также микроРНК. Акцентировано внимание на взаимосвязи этих изменений с характером течения патологического процесса, обуславливающей возможность выявлять начало болезни и развитие осложнений на ранней стадии, до клинических проявлений, что важно для проведения своевременной терапии. В последние годы СЖ все чаще рассматривают в качестве материала для проведения так называемой жидкостной биопсии, которая позволяет исследовать метаболизм органа, не прибегая к его повреждению. Неинвазивный способ забора СЖ также является преимуществом, а развитие технологий измерения содержания различных веществ в малом количестве материала способствует дальнейшему внедрению в клиническую практику определения в СЖ биомаркеров различных глазных болезней.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review is devoted to the changes in tear composition in the most widespread retinal disorders: diabetic retinopathy, age macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, acute blood circulation disorders, vitreoretinal pathology and also in the experimental transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells in the model of retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy. Despite the fact that retina and tear fluid are not in touch, there is a connection between the retinal state and tear fluid metabolism due to the common regulatory pathways. Tear composition display the local physiological changes in the eye even more than blood one. Correlation between concentration of certain metabolites in tears but not in blood and stage of the pathological process in retina was revealed. The review represents data about changes of a number of metabolites playing the key role in pathogenesis of retinal diseases — factors participating in the inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, hemostasis, oxidative stress. The connection between these changes in tear composition and progress of the diseases are specially highlighted because it can be used for the early diagnostics and prediction of complications that is critical for the development of optimal therapeutic strategy. Tear fluid is recently often regarded as a body fluid used for the liquid biopsy that serves for the non-invasive investigation of pathological process. Easy and non-invasive way of tear fluid collection is one more preference of the method. Progress in the detection technology that allows using of very small samples makes it possible to introduce tear fluid analysis for biomarkers to the clinical practice.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>слезная жидкость</kwd><kwd>диабетическая ретинопатия</kwd><kwd>возрастная макулодистрофия</kwd><kwd>ретинопатия недоношенных</kwd><kwd>острая сосудистая патология сетчатки</kwd><kwd>витреоретинопатия</kwd><kwd>трансплантация клеток</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>факторы роста</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tear fluid</kwd><kwd>diabetic retinopathy</kwd><kwd>age macular degeneration</kwd><kwd>retinopathy of prematurity</kwd><kwd>acute blood circulation disorders</kwd><kwd>vitroretinopathy</kwd><kwd>cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>micro-RNA</kwd><kwd>growth factors</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohno Y, Yako T, Satoh K, et al. 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