<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2025-18-4-178-184</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-1973</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анатомо-топографические особенности и структурные характеристики стекловидного тела</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Anatomical and topographic features and structural characteristics of the vitreous body</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-6407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Николаевна Киселева — д-р мед. наук, профессор, начальник отдела, главный научный сотрудник отдела ультразвуковых исследований</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana N. Kiseleva — Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of ultrasound diagnostic department</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-592X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елисеева</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eliseeva</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Константиновна Елисеева — канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник отдела ультразвуковых исследований</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena K. Eliseeva — Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher, ultrasound diagnostic department</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eliseevaek@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3145-2464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баталова</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Batalova</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асет Лечиевна Баталова — аспирант отдела ультразвуковых исследований</p><p>ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aset L. Batalova — PhD student of ultrasound diagnostic department</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>178</fpage><lpage>184</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Киселева Т.Н., Елисеева Е.К., Баталова А.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева Т.Н., Елисеева Е.К., Баталова А.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiseleva T.N., Eliseeva E.K., Batalova A.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1973">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/1973</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен анализ данных литературы об анатомическом строении и топографических характеристиках стекловидного тела (СТ), а также сведения об отличительных особенностях внутренней структуры СТ в различных его отделах. Особое внимание уделено биохимическому составу, возрастным изменениям анатомической структуры СТ, что имеет существенное значение для изучения патогенеза его поражений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents an analysis of literature data about the anatomical structure and topographical characteristics of the vitreous body, as well as information on the distinctive features of its internal structure in various segments. Particular attention is given to the biochemical composition and age-related structural changes of the vitreous body, which are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of its disorders.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стекловидное тело</kwd><kwd>субретинальная жидкость</kwd><kwd>задняя отслойка стекловидного тела</kwd><kwd>цистерны и тракты стекловидного тела</kwd><kwd>зона Мартегиани</kwd><kwd>первичное персистирующее гиалоидное стекловидное тело</kwd><kwd>клокетов канал</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vitreous bod</kwd><kwd>subretinal fluid</kwd><kwd>posterior detachment of the vitreous body</kwd><kwd>cisterns and tracts of the vitreous body</kwd><kwd>Cloquet’s channel</kwd><kwd>persisting hyperplastic primary vitreous syndrome</kwd><kwd>Martegiani zone</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Епихин А.Н., Краснов Я.В., Епихина Ю.Н., Епихин Н.А. Патология хрусталика и стекловидного тела: клинические проявления патологии стекловидного тела. Учебное пособие: Изд-во РостГМУ, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epikhin A.N., Krasnov Ya.V., Epikhina Yu.N., Epikhin N.A. Pathology of the lens and vitreous body: clinical manifestations of vitreous pathology. Textbook: Publishing House of RostSMU, 2016 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калиниченко Р.В., Арестова Н.Н., Егиян Н.С. Патология стекловидного тела у детей. Возможности инструментальной и лазерной хирургии. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2018; 13 (2): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1993-1859-2018-13-2-87-98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinichenko R.V., Arestova N.N., Egiyan N.S. Pathology of the vitreous body in children. Possibilities of instrumental and laser surgery. Russian pediatric ophthalmology. 2018; 13 (2): 87–98 (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1993-1859-2018-13-2-87-98</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sebag J. Vitreous and vision degrading myodesopsia. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2020; 79: 100847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100847</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sebag J. Vitreous and vision degrading myodesopsia. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2020; 79: 100847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100847</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иомдина Е.Н., Бауэр С.М., Котляр К.Е. Биомеханика глаза: теоретические аспекты и клинические приложения. Москва: Реал Тайм. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iomdina E.N., Bauer S.M., Kotliar K.E. Eye biomechanics: theoretical aspects and clinical applications. Moscow: Real Time, 2015 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стебнев С.Д., Стебнев В.С., Малов И.В. и др. Возрастные изменения стекловидного тела. Казанский медицинский журнал. 2019; 100 (1): 170–4. https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ2019-170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stebnev S.D., Stebnev V.S., Malov I.V., et al. Age-related changes of the vitreous body. Kazan medical journal. 2019; 100 (1): 170–4 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ2019-170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gartner J. Vitreous electron microscopic studies on the fine structure of the normal and pathologically changed vitreoretinal limiting membrane. Surv Ophthalmol. 1964; (9): 291–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gartner J. Vitreous electron microscopic studies on the fine structure of the normal and pathologically changed vitreoretinal limiting membrane. Surv Ophthalmol. 1964; (9): 291–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murthy KR, Goel R, Subbannayya Y, et al. Proteomic analysis of human vitreous humor. Clin Proteom. 2014; 11: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1559-0275-11-29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murthy KR, Goel R, Subbannayya Y, et al. Proteomic analysis of human vitreous humor. Clin Proteom. 2014; 11: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1559-0275-11-29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, et al. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol. 2016; 34: 12–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, et al. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol. 2016; 34: 12–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman JS, Faucher M, Hiscott P, et al. Protein localization in the human eye and genetic screen of opticin. Hum Mol Genet. 2002; 11 (11): 1333–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/11.11.1333</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman JS, Faucher M, Hiscott P, et al. Protein localization in the human eye and genetic screen of opticin. Hum Mol Genet. 2002; 11 (11): 1333–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/11.11.1333</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramesh S, Bonshek RE, Bishop PN. Immunolocalisation of opticin in the human eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004; 88 (5): 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2003.031989</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramesh S, Bonshek RE, Bishop PN. Immunolocalisation of opticin in the human eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004; 88 (5): 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2003.031989</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reardon AJ, Le Goff M, Briggs MD, et al. Identification in vitreous and molecular cloning of opticin, a novel member of the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins of the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275 (3): 2123–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.3.2123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reardon AJ, Le Goff M, Briggs MD, et al. Identification in vitreous and molecular cloning of opticin, a novel member of the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins of the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275 (3): 2123–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.3.2123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J. Neuroprotective and antiangiogenic actions of PEDF in the eye: molecular targets and therapeutic potential. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004; 23 (5): 561–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.05.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J. Neuroprotective and antiangiogenic actions of PEDF in the eye: molecular targets and therapeutic potential. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004; 23 (5): 561–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.05.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Den Hollander AI, McGee TL, Ziviello C, et al. A homozygous missense mutation in the IRBP gene (RBP3) associated with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009; 50 (4): 1864–72. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2497</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Den Hollander AI, McGee TL, Ziviello C, et al. A homozygous missense mutation in the IRBP gene (RBP3) associated with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009; 50 (4): 1864–72. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2497</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pepperberg DR, Okajima TL, Wiggert B, et al. Interphotoreceptor retinoidbinding protein (IRBP). Molecular biology and physiological role in the visual cycle of rhodopsin. Mol Neurobiol. 1993; 7 (1): 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02780609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pepperberg DR, Okajima TL, Wiggert B, et al. Interphotoreceptor retinoidbinding protein (IRBP). Molecular biology and physiological role in the visual cycle of rhodopsin. Mol Neurobiol. 1993; 7 (1): 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02780609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao C, Yang P, He H, et al. S-antigen specific T helper type 1 response is present in Behcet’s disease. Mol Vis. 2008 Aug 7; 14: 1456–64. PMID: 18685727.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao C, Yang P, He H, et al. S-antigen specific T helper type 1 response is present in Behcet’s disease. Mol Vis. 2008 Aug 7; 14: 1456–64. PMID: 18685727.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujinami K, Tsunoda K, Nakamura M, Oguchi Y, Miyake Y. Oguchi disease with unusual findings associated with a heterozygous mutation in the SAG gene. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011; 129 (10): 1375–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujinami K, Tsunoda K, Nakamura M, Oguchi Y, Miyake Y. Oguchi disease with unusual findings associated with a heterozygous mutation in the SAG gene. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011; 129 (10): 1375–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.300</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proetzel G, Pawlowski SA, Wiles MV, et al. Transforming growth factor–β3 is required for secondary palate fusion. Nature Genetics. 1995; 11 (4): 409–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1295-409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proetzel G, Pawlowski SA, Wiles MV, et al. Transforming growth factor–β3 is required for secondary palate fusion. Nature Genetics. 1995; 11 (4): 409–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1295-409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blobe GC, Schiemann WP, Lodish HF. Role of transforming growth factor beta in human. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1350–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM20000504342180</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blobe GC, Schiemann WP, Lodish HF. Role of transforming growth factor beta in human. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1350–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM20000504342180</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen H, Ho Y, Chou H, et al. The role of transforming growth factor-beta in retinal ganglion cells with hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (18): 6482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186482</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen H, Ho Y, Chou H, et al. The role of transforming growth factor-beta in retinal ganglion cells with hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (18): 6482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186482</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ручкин М.П., Маркелова Е.В., Федяшев Г.А. Системный дисбаланс изоформ TGF-β у пациентов с различными проявлениями диабетической ретинопатии. Российский иммунологический журнал. 2024; 27 (2): 363–8. https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-16613-SIO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruchkin M.P., Markelova E.V., Fedyashev G.A. Systemic imbalance of TGF-β isoforms in patients with various manifestations of diabetic retinopathy. Russian journal of immunology. 2024; 27 (2): 363–8 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-16613-SIO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еричев В.П., Полева Р.П., Хдери Х. Роль стекловидного тела в патогенезе глаукомы. Вестник офтальмологии. 2021; 137 (5): 323–30. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137052323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erichev V.P., Poleva R.P., Khderi Kh. The role of vitreous body in pathogenesis of glaucoma. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2021; 137 (5): 323–30 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137052323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ермолаев А.П., Ильинская М.В., Мельникова Л.И. Роль возникновения задней отслойки стекловидного тела в патогенезе первичной закрытоугольной глаукомы. Национальный журнал глаукома. 2016; 15 (2): 3–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ermolaev A.P., Ilinskaya M.V., Melnikova L.I. The role of posterior vitreous detachment origin in the pathogenesis of primary angle-closure glaucoma. Natsional’nyj zhurnal glaukoma. 2016; 15 (2): 3–10 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мулдашев Э.Р., Родионов О.В., Шумкин А.М., Гранадчиков В.А. Морфофункциональное состояние хориоретиновитриального интерфейса в норме и при экспериментальных хирургических вмешательствах. Вестник Оренбургского государственного университета. 2006; 61 (11): 214–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muldashev E.R., Rodionov O.V., Shumkin A.M., Granadchikov V.A. Morpho-functional state of the chorioretinovitreal interface in normal and experimental surgery. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2006; 61 (11): 214–7 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fawcett IM, Williams RL, Wong D. Contact angles of substances used for internal tamponade in retinal detachment surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994; 232 (7): 438–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00186587</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fawcett IM, Williams RL, Wong D. Contact angles of substances used for internal tamponade in retinal detachment surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994; 232 (7): 438–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00186587</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazimirova E.G., Shiryaev V.V., Lyskin P.V., Stepanov G.V., Kramarenko E.Yu. Silicone oil tamponade hydrostatics and technology for additional mechanical support of retina. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2018; 10 (4): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2018.10.4.02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazimirova E.G., Shiryaev V.V., Lyskin P.V., Stepanov G.V., Kramarenko E.Yu. Silicone oil tamponade hydrostatics and technology for additional mechanical support of retina. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2018; 10 (4): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2018.10.4.02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев И.Б., Белкин В.Е., Самойленко А.И., Гулария А.А. Стекловидное тело. Строение, патология и методы хирургического лечения (обзор литературы). РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2014; 4: 224–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev I.B., Belkin V.E., Samoylenko A.I., Gularia A.A. Vitreous. Anatomy, pathology and methods of surgical treatment (literary review). RMZh. Klinicheskaya oftal’mologiya. 2014; (4): 224–7 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Worst JGF, Los LI. Comparative anatomy of the vitreous body in rhesus monkeys and man. DocumentaOphthalmologica.1992; 82: 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00157007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Worst JGF, Los LI. Comparative anatomy of the vitreous body in rhesus monkeys and man. DocumentaOphthalmologica.1992; 82: 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00157007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Worst JGF, Los LI. Cisternal anatomy of the vitreous. Amsterdam — NY: Kugler Publications; 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Worst JGF, Los LI. Cisternal anatomy of the vitreous. Amsterdam — NY: Kugler Publications; 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махачева З.А. Анатомия стекловидного тела. Учебное пособие для послевузовского профессионального образования врачей. Москва: Руспринт; 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhacheva Z.A. Vitreous anatomy. Study guide for postgraduate professional education of doctors. Moscow: Rusprint; 2006. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger E. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Auges in normalem und pathologischem Zustande. Verlag von JF Bergmann. 1887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger E. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Auges in normalem und pathologischem Zustande. Verlag von JF Bergmann. 1887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erggelet H., Menacho A. Oftalmíametastática. Archivos de Oftalmología Hispano-Americanos. 1914; 14 (161): 288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erggelet H., Menacho A. Oftalmíametastática. Archivos de Oftalmología Hispano-Americanos. 1914; 14 (161): 288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruiz-Casas D. Vitreous anatomy, anterior PVR, and hypotony. Retinal detachment surgery and proliferative vitreoretinopathy: from scleral buckling to small gauge vitrectomy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2023. 175–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11946-0_24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruiz-Casas D. Vitreous anatomy, anterior PVR, and hypotony. Retinal detachment surgery and proliferative vitreoretinopathy: from scleral buckling to small gauge vitrectomy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2023. 175–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11946-0_24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Найденова С.И., Луцай Е.Д., Астафьев И.В. Анатомическая характеристика стекловидной камеры и хрусталика у плодов в промежуточном плодном периоде онтогенеза человека. Современные технологии в офтальмологии. 2022; 1 (41): 350–4. https://doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-1-350-354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naidenova S.I., Lutsai E.D., Astafyev I.V. Anatomical characteristics of the vitreous chamber and lens in fetuses in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis. Sovremennie technologii v ophtalmologii. 2022; 1 (41): 350–4 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-1-350-354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нероев В.В., Киселева Т.Н., Судовская Т.В. Комплексное ультразвуковое исследование детей с синдромом первичного персистирующего гиперпластического стекловидного тела. Вестник офтальмологии. 2011; 127 (4): 24–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neroev V.V., Kiseleva T.N., Sudovskaya T.V. Complex ultrasound examination children with persisting hyperplastic primary vitreous. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2011; 127 (4): 24–8 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амханицкая Л.И. Изменение стекловидного тела при различных патологических состояниях глазного яблока. Роcсийская детская офтальмология. 2014; 2: 1–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amkhanitskaya L.I. Change of vitreous body with various pathological conditions of the eyeball. Rossiyskaya detskaya oftal’mologiya. 2014; 2: 41–50 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martegiani F. Novae observations de oculo humano. Neapoli: Typis Cajetani Eboli. 1814: 16: 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martegiani F. Novae observations de oculo humano. Neapoli: Typis Cajetani Eboli. 1814: 16: 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stilling J. Uber den Bau de Glaskorpers. Archiv f. Ophthal. 1869; 15 Bd (3): 299–319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stilling J. Uber den Bau de Glaskorpers. Archiv f. Ophthal. 1869; 15 Bd (3): 299–319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisner G. Posterior vitreous detachment. Klin Monatsbl Augenheild. 1989; 194 (5): 389–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisner G. Posterior vitreous detachment. Klin Monatsbl Augenheild. 1989; 194 (5): 389–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sebag J, Balazs EA. Morphology and ultrastructure of human vitreous fibers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Aug; 30 (8): 1867–71. PMID: 2759801.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sebag J, Balazs EA. Morphology and ultrastructure of human vitreous fibers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Aug; 30 (8): 1867–71. PMID: 2759801.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матющенко А.Г., Будзинская М.В., Петрачков Д.В. Современные представления о структурных и биохимических свойствах стекловидного тела в норме и при увеличении аксиальной длины глаза. Вестник офтальмологии. 2021; 137 (4): 110–5. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137041110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matyushchenko AG, Budzinskaya MV, Petrachkov DV. Modern understanding of structural and biochemical characteristics of the vitreous in eyes with normal and increased axial length. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2021; 137 (4): 110–5 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137041110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харлап С.И., Новиков И.А., Аветисов С.Э. и др. Результаты сканирующей электронной микроскопии стекловидного тела при астероидном гиалозе. Вестник офтальмологии. 2021; 137 (5): 181–8. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137052181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharlap S.I., Novikov I.A., Avetisov S.E., et al. Scanning electron microscopy results of the vitreous body in asteroid hyalosis. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2021; 137 (5): 181–8 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137052181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойко Э.В., Суетов А.А., Мальцев Д.С. Отслойка задней гиалоидной мембраны: понятие, распространенность, классификации, клиника и возможные причины. Офтальмологические ведомости. 2009; 2 (3): 39–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boiko E.V., Suetov A.A., Maltsev D.S. Detachment of the posterior hyaloid membrane: concept, prevalence, classification, clinic and possible causes. Oftal’mologicheskie vedomosti. 2009; 2 (3): 39–46 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нероев B.B., Киселевa Т.Н. Ультразвуковые исследования в офтальмологии: руководство для врачей. 1-е изд. Москва: ИКАР; 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neroev V.V., Kiselevа T.N. Ultrasound in ophthalmology: guide for doctors. 1st ed. Moscow: IKAR; 2019 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харлап С.И., Салихова А.Р., Аветисов К.С., Аветисов С.Э. Морфологические особенности клинических проявлений некоторых видов врожденных аномалий хрусталика и стекловидного тела. Вестник офтальмологии. 2017; 2: 105–7. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma20171332104-112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharlap S.I., Salikhova A.R., Avetisov K.S., Avetisov S.E. Morphological features of clinical manifestation of particular congenital lens and vitreous anomalies. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2017; 2: 105–7 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma20171332104-112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марченко И.Ю., Степанова Л.В., Сычев Г.М. Экспериментальное исследование гидродинамики глаза при интравитреальном введении флюоресцеина в стекловидное тело. Вестник Красноярского государственного университета. 2004; 7: 170–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchenko I.Yu., Stepanova L.V., Sychev G.M. The experimental research of hydrodynamics of an eye at the intravitreally injection of fluoresceine in vitreous humor. Bulletin of the Krasnoyarsk State University. 2004; 7: 170–4 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шилова О.Г., Гейко П.П., Кривошеина О.И. Математические аспекты течения внутриглазной жидкости в стекловидном теле. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2012; 1: 97–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shilova O.G., Geiko P.P., Krivosheina O.I. Mathematical aspects of intraocular fluid flow in the vitreous body. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2012; 1: 97–102 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амханицкая Л.И., Николаева Г.В., Соколова Н.А. Изменение парциального давления кислорода в стекловидном теле и артериальной крови у кроликов в зависимости от концентрации кислорода во вдыхаемой смеси. Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2015; 159 (3): 308–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-015-2954-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amkhanitskaya L.I., Nikolaeva G.V., Sokolova N.A. Changes in oxygen partial pressure in the vitreous body and arterial blood of rabbits depending on oxygen concentration in inspired mixture. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2015; 159 (3): 308–10 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-015-2954-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muir ER, Zhang Y, San Emeterio Nateras O, Peng Q, Duong TQ. Human vitreous: MR imaging of oxygen partial pressure. Radiology. 2013; 266 (3): 905–11. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120777</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muir ER, Zhang Y, San Emeterio Nateras O, Peng Q, Duong TQ. Human vitreous: MR imaging of oxygen partial pressure. Radiology. 2013; 266 (3): 905–11. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120777</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petropoulos IK, Pournaras JC, Stangos A, Pournaras C. Preretinal partial pressure of oxygen gradients before and after experimental pars plana vitrectomy. Retina. 2013: 33 (1): 170–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e318261a6b5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petropoulos IK, Pournaras JC, Stangos A, Pournaras C. Preretinal partial pressure of oxygen gradients before and after experimental pars plana vitrectomy. Retina. 2013: 33 (1): 170–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e318261a6b5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Липатов Д.В., Складчиков С.А., Савенкова Н.П., Новодерёжкин В.В., Высикайло Ф.И. Математическое моделирование движения жидкостей внутри глазного яблока при интравитреальных инъекциях. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2022; 15 (2): 37–41. https://doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-2-37-41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipatov D.V., Skladchikov S.A., Savenkova N.P., Novoderezkin V.V., Vysikailo F.I. Mathematical modeling of fluid movement inside the eyeball during intravitreal injection. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2022; 15 (2): 37–41 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-2-37-41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu G, Li A, Liu J, et al. Establishment of personalized finite element model of crystalline lens based on sweep-source optical coherence tomography. Photonics. 2022; 9: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110803</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu G, Li A, Liu J, et al. Establishment of personalized finite element model of crystalline lens based on sweep-source optical coherence tomography. Photonics. 2022; 9: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110803</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Родионов О.В., Гранадчиков В.А., Кантюкова Г.А. Исследование путей внесосудистого транспорта жидкости в витреальной полости с применением контрастного средства «Магневист». Вестник Оренбургского государственного университета. 2007; 12: 159–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodionov O.V., Granadchikov V.A., Kantyukova G.A Research of ways of extravascular liquid transport to vitreal cavity with using of contrast drugs Magnevist. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2007; 12: 159–60 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wassilewa P, Hockwin O, Korte I. Glycogen concentration changes in retina, vitreous body and other eye tissues caused by disturbances of blood circulation. Albrecht von Graefes Arch. Klin. Ophthalmol. 1976; 199: 115–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02385207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wassilewa P, Hockwin O, Korte I. Glycogen concentration changes in retina, vitreous body and other eye tissues caused by disturbances of blood circulation. Albrecht von Graefes Arch. Klin. Ophthalmol. 1976; 199: 115–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02385207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данченко Е.О. Концентрация этилового алкоголя в крови и стекловидном теле. Судебная экспертиза Беларуси. 2021; 1 (12): 60–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danchenko E.O. The concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood and vitreous body. Judicial examination of Belarus. 2021; 1 (12): 60–6 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicology. 2016; 34: 12–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicology. 2016; 34: 12–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanches LR, Seulin SC, Leyton V, et al. Determination of opiates in whole blood and vitreous humor: a study of the matrix effect and an experimental design to optimize conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36: 162–70 https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanches LR, Seulin SC, Leyton V, et al. Determination of opiates in whole blood and vitreous humor: a study of the matrix effect and an experimental design to optimize conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36: 162–70 https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акимов П.А., Терехина Н.А. Биохимический анализ стекловидного тела глаза в постмортальной диагностике почечной недостаточности. Вестник новых медицинских технологий. 2013; 20 (4): 47–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimov P.A., Terekhina N.A. Biochemical analysis of the vitreous body of the eye in the postmortem diagnosis of renal failure. Bulletin of new Medical Technologies. 2013; 20 (4): 47–9 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онянов А.М., Ледянкина И.А., Хохлов С.В. Обоснованность выбора стекловидного тела в качестве объекта судебно-медицинских исследований. Проблемы экспертизы в медицине. 2007; 7 (4; 28): 64–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onyanov A.M., Ledyankina I.A., Khohlov S.V. Validity of choice of the vitreous body as object of medicolegal research. Problems of expertise in medicine. 2007; 7 (4; 28): 64–7 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
