helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2026-19-2-192-202helmholtzeyeinstitute-2146Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSТопические стероиды в офтальмологии. Часть 1. ФармакокинетикаTopical steroids in ophthalmology. Part 1. Pharmacokineticshttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-8238-4741Абудайяк БахааА. М.Abudayyak BahaaA. M.

Абудайяк Бахаа Абделькадер Мухаммад — врач-офтальмолог, аспирант кафедры оториноларингологии и офтальмологии.

Университетская наб., д. 7/9, Санкт-Петербург, 199034

Bahaa A.M. Abudayyak — ophthalmologist, PhD student, chair of otorhinolaryngology and ophthalmology.

7/9, Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg, 199034

baha.jin@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-1289НиколаенкоВ. П.NikolaenkoV. P.

Николаенко Вадим Петрович — д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры оториноларингологии и офтальмологии, ФГБОУ ВО «СПбГУ»; заместитель главного врача по офтальмологии, СПб ГБУЗ «Городская многопрофильная больница № 2».

Университетская наб., д. 7/9, Санкт-Петербург, 199034; пер. Учебный, д. 5, Санкт-Петербург, 194354

Vadim P. Nikolaenko — Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, chair of otorhinolaryngology and ophthalmology, St. Petersburg State University; deputy head doctor for ophthalmology, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2.

7/9, Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg, 199034; 5, Uchebnyy lane, St. Petersburg, 194354

ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»РоссияSt. Petersburg State UniversityRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; СПб ГБУЗ «Городская многопрофильная больница № 2»РоссияSt. Petersburg State University; City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2Russian Federation202618072026192192202Copyright © Абудайяк Бахаа А.М., Николаенко В.П., 20262026Абудайяк Бахаа А.М., Николаенко В.П.Abudayyak Bahaa A.M., Nikolaenko V.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/2146

Топические глюкокортикоиды (ГК), оставаясь основой терапии воспалительных заболеваний переднего отрезка глаза, демонстрируют значительную вариабельность клинической эффективности. Причина этой неоднородности кроется в уникальном фармакологическом профиле каждого соединения, который напрямую определяет его способность к пенетрации и аккумуляции в тканях глаза. В обзоре представлен комплексный анализ фармакокинетики ключевых стероидов, применяемых в офтальмологии, — преднизолона, дексаметазона, фторметолона, гидрокортизона, лотепреднола, дифлупредната. Детально рассмотрены основные факторы, влияющие на их проникновение: физико-химические характеристики молекулы (липофильность, растворимость, размер), фармацевтическая форма, состояние глазной поверхности и способ введения. Особый акцент сделан на сравнительной оценке концентраций рассматриваемых ГК в водянистой влаге, что служит ключевым интегральным показателем их внутриглазной биодоступности. Проведенный анализ выявляет существенную неоднородность фармакокинетических профилей, имеющую прямые клинические следствия. Обсуждается взаимосвязь между физико-химическими свойствами стероидов, их относительной противовоспалительной активностью и ожидаемой клинической эффективностью. Представленные данные формируют научную базу для рационального выбора препарата, обеспечивающего достижение целевого терапевтического результата с учетом специфики фармакокинетики каждого агента, а также характера и локализации воспалительного процесса.

Topical glucocorticoids remain the cornerstone of therapy for inflammatory disorders of the anterior segment of the eye; nevertheless, their clinical efficacy exhibits considerable variability. This heterogeneity is rooted in the distinct pharmacological profiles of individual steroids, which directly govern their capacity for ocular penetration and tissue accumulation. The review offers a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacokinetics of key ophthalmic steroids — prednisolone, dexamethasone, fluorometholone, hydrocortisone, loteprednol, and difluprednate. The principal determinants of corneal penetration are examined in detail, including the physicochemical properties of the molecule (lipophilicity, solubility, molecular size), formulation characteristics, the condition of the ocular surface, and the route of administration. Emphasis is placed on a comparative assessment of aqueous humor concentrations, which serve as a key integrative indicator of intraocular bioavailability. The analysis demonstrates considerable heterogeneity in pharmacokinetic profiles — a finding of direct clinical relevance. Furthermore, the relationship between the physicochemical properties of these steroids, their relative anti-inflammatory potency, and anticipated clinical outcomes are discussed. The data presented herein provide a scientific foundation for the rational selection of a therapeutic agent, ensuring that the desired clinical result is achieved in consideration of the specific pharmacokinetic properties of each drug, as well as the nature and localization of the inflammatory process.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.