helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2026-19-2-203-211helmholtzeyeinstitute-2152Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSБиомаркеры старения. Часть 1. Общее состояние проблемы и подходы к оценке биологического возрастаBiomarkers of aging. Part 1. General state of the problem and approaches to assessing biological agehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-5010ЗуеваМ. В.ZuevaM. V.

Зуева Марина Владимировна — д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, начальник отдела клинической физиологии зрения им. С.В. Кравкова.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Marina V. Zueva — Dr. of Biol. Sci., professor, chief researcher, head of the department of clinical physiology of vision named after S.V. Kravkov.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

visionlab@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-9648КотелинВ. И.KotelinV. I.

Котелин Владислав Игоревич — канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела клинической физиологии зрения им. С.В. Кравкова.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Vladislav I. Kotelin — Cand. of Med. Sci., senior researcher, department of clinical physiology of vision named after S.V. Kravkov.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1038-2746НероеваН. В.NeroevaN. V.

Нероева Наталия Владимировна — д-р мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, начальник отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Natalia V. Neroeva — Dr. of Med. Sci., leading researcher, head of the department of pathology of the retina and optic nerve.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-8005ЧесноковаН. Б.ChesnokovaN. B.

Чеснокова Наталья Борисовна — д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный специалист отдела патофизиологии и биохимии.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Natalia B. Chesnokova — Dr. of Biol. Sci., professor, chief specialist of the department of pathophysiology and biochemistry.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5926-6132ЖуравлеваА. Н.ZhuravlevaA. N.

Журавлева Анастасия Николаевна — канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела глаукомы.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Anastasia N. Zhuravleva — Cand. of Med. Sci., senior researcher, department of glaucoma.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8007-6643БалацкаяН. В.BalatskayaN. V.

Балацкая Наталья Владимировна — канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, начальник отдела иммунологии и вирусологии.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Natalia V. Balatskaya — Cand. of Biol. Sci., leading researcher, head of the department of immunology and virology.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-8695РябинаМ. В.RyabinaM. V.

Рябина Марина Владимировна — канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела патологии сетчатки и зрительного нерва.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Marina V. Ryabina — Cand. of Med. Sci., senior researcher, department of pathology of the retina and optic nerve.

14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya, Moscow, 105062

ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава РоссииРоссияHelmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye DiseasesRussian Federation202618072026192203211Copyright © Зуева М.В., Котелин В.И., Нероева Н.В., Чеснокова Н.Б., Журавлева А.Н., Балацкая Н.В., Рябина М.В., 20262026Зуева М.В., Котелин В.И., Нероева Н.В., Чеснокова Н.Б., Журавлева А.Н., Балацкая Н.В., Рябина М.В.Zueva M.V., Kotelin V.I., Neroeva N.V., Chesnokova N.B., Zhuravleva A.N., Balatskaya N.V., Ryabina M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/2152

Учитывая гетерогенность процесса старения, его неоднородность для различных тканей, органов и систем человека и значительные различия в темпах старения между людьми, объективное представление о биологическом возрасте — индивидуальных темпах старения имеет большое клиническое значение. Выявление надежных биомаркеров, способных прогнозировать профиль старения и риск развития возрастной патологии может играть ключевую роль для профилактики ускоренного старения, геропротекторной терапии и своевременной диагностики и лечения возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний. В настоящее время разработан широкий спектр биомаркеров старения на клеточном, органном и молекулярном уровнях. На основе этих биомаркеров предложены модели «биологических часов» (фенотипические, эпигенетические, иммунные, метаболические и многие другие), которые с различной степенью точности позволяют определять биологический возраст человека и риски заболеваний конкретных органов и систем. Комбинации биомаркеров разных типов могут применяться для оценки потенциала здоровья и здорового долголетия у человека и являться объективными критериями эффективности геропротекторных стратегий при испытаниях новых методов и технологий. Однако к биомаркерам старения сегодня предъявляются очень высокие требования, которым, к сожалению, пока не полностью соответствуют предложенные маркеры и модели. Большинство современных биомаркеров отражает изменения, которые являются следствием старения, но не его причиной, что в свою очередь ограничивает точность биологических часов и их клиническую значимость. Это обусловливает актуальность разработки новых, доступных, неинвазивных, чувствительных к возрастным изменениям и надежных биомаркеров старения, которые будут полезны для раннего предупреждения возрастных заболеваний. В этой части обзора представлен краткий экскурс в состояние проблемы прогнозирования биологического возраста и описание подходов к моделям биологических часов. Вторая часть обзора будет посвящена маркерам нормального и патологического старения сетчатки и проблеме прогнозирования возраст-ассоциированной патологии зрительной системы. Фундаментальные знания о прогнозировании биологического возраста могут быть применены для перспективных исследований в офтальмологии, в частности с целью разработки биомаркеров старения сетчатки.

Given the heterogeneity of the aging process for various tissues, organs and systems of a person and significant differences in the rate of aging between people, an objective idea of the biological age — individual rates of aging is of great clinical importance. Identification of reliable biomarkers capable of predicting the aging profile and the risk of developing age-related pathology can play a key role in the prevention of accelerated aging, geroprotective therapy and timely diagnosis and treatment of age-associated diseases. By now, a wide range of biomarkers of aging has been developed at the cellular, organ and molecular levels. Based on these biomarkers, models of “biological clocks” (phenotypic, epigenetic, immune, metabolic and many others) have been proposed, which, with varying degrees of accuracy, make it possible to determine a person’s biological age and the risks of diseases of specific organs and systems. Combinations of different types of biomarkers can be used to assess the potential for health and healthy longevity in humans and serve as objective criteria for the effectiveness of geroprotective strategies when testing new methods and technologies. However, today very high demands are placed on biomarkers of aging, which, unfortunately, the proposed markers and models do not yet fully meet. It is noted that since most modern biomarkers reflect changes that are a consequence of aging, but not its cause, which in turn limits the accuracy of the biological clock and its clinical significance. This determines the relevance of the development of new, accessible, non-invasive, sensitive to age-related changes and “reliable” biomarkers of aging, which will be useful for the early prevention of age-related diseases. This part of the review provides a brief excursion into the state of the problem of predicting biological age and a description of approaches to biological clock models. The second part of the review will be devoted to markers of normal and pathological aging of the retina and the problem of predicting age-associated pathology of the visual system. The fundamental knowledge about biological age can be applied to promising research in ophthalmology, in particular with the aim of developing new biomarkers of retinal aging.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.