helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2026-19-3-137-143helmholtzeyeinstitute-2238Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSВлияние образа жизни на распространенность и факторы риска офтальмологических заболеваний. Часть 1: модифицируемые и немодифицируемые факторы риска развития миопии, глаукомы, возрастной макулярной дегенерации и катарактыLifestyle effects on the prevalence and risk factors of ophthalmic diseases. Part 1. Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for myopia, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and cataractshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-6671КурышеваН. И.KuryshevaN. I.

Наталия Ивановна Курышева — д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой глазных болезней1, руководитель консультативно-диагностического отделения2,

Ул. Живописная, д. 46, стр. 8, Москва, 1230984 ул. Гамалеи, д. 15, Москва, 123098

Natalia I. Kurysheva — Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of chair of ophthalmology MBU ICE SRC — Burnasyan FMBC of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, head of consultative and diagnostic department Ophthalmological Center of the FM-BAR, SRC — Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency.

46/8, Zivopisnaja St., Moscow,123098; 15, Gamaleya St., Moscow, 123098

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6587-6329МасловаЕ. В.MaslovaE. V.

Екатерина Владимировна Маслова — канд. мед. наук, врачофтальмолог.

ул. Солянка, д. 12, стр. 1, Москва, 109028

Ekaterina V. Maslova — Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist.

12, bld. 1, Solyanka St., Moscow, 109028

katerinamas13@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-0136ПономареваС. И.PonomarevaS. I.

Саина Иннокентьевна Пономарева — ассистент кафедры глазных болезней1, врач-офтальмолог консультативно-диагностического отдела2,

Ул. Живописная, д. 46, стр. 8, Москва, 1230984 ул. Гамалеи, д. 15, Москва, 123098

Saina I. Ponomareva — assistant professor of chair of ophthalmology MBU ICE SRC — Burnasyan FMBC of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, ophthalmologist of consultative and diagnostic department Ophthalmological Center of the FM-BAR, SRC — Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency.

46/8, Zivopisnaja St., Moscow,123098; 15, Gamaleya St., Moscow, 123098

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-5043КимИ. Д.KimI. D.

Игорь Дмитриевич Ким — ассистент кафедры глазных болезней1, врач-офтальмолог консультативно-диагностического отдела2,

Ул. Живописная, д. 46, стр. 8, Москва, 1230984 ул. Гамалеи, д. 15, Москва, 123098

Igor D. Kim — assistant professor of chair of ophthalmology MBU ICE SRC — Burnasyan FMBC of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, ophthalmologist of consultative and diagnostic department Ophthalmological Center of the FM-BAR, SRC — Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency.

46/8, Zivopisnaja St., Moscow,123098; 15, Gamaleya St., Moscow, 123098

Медико-биологический университет инноваций и непрерывного образования ФГБУ ГНЦ РФ «Федеральный биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России; Центр офтальмологии ФМБА России, ФГБУ ГНЦ РФ «Федеральный биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА РоссииРоссияMedical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center — Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency; Ophthalmological Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, State Research Center — Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological AgencyRussian FederationАО «Группа компаний «МЕДСИ», Клинико-диагностический центр на СолянкеРоссияJSC “MEDSI Group of Companies”, Clinical and diagnostic Center on SolyankaRussian Federation202628092026193137143Copyright © Курышева Н.И., Маслова Е.В., Пономарева С.И., Ким И.Д., 20262026Курышева Н.И., Маслова Е.В., Пономарева С.И., Ким И.Д.Kurysheva N.I., Maslova E.V., Ponomareva S.I., Kim I.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/2238

Нарушение зрения — важная медико-социальная проблема, влияющая на качество жизни и экономику здравоохранения. Лидирующими видами офтальмопатологии являются катаракта, глаукома, миопия, возрастная макулярная дегенерация (ВМД). Существенную роль в их развитии играют модифицируемые поведенческие и средовые факторы. Цель работы — систематизировать и проанализировать современные научные данные о влиянии образа жизни на распространенность и патогенез офтальмологических заболеваний. Модифицируемые факторы образа жизни коррелируют с развитием основных офтальмологических заболеваний. Гиподинамия и ожирение способствуют развитию глаукомы посредством сосудистых и метаболических нарушений. Длительная работа с цифровыми устройствами и недостаток естественного освещения увеличивают риск миопии, особенно у детей. Несбалансированное питание с дефицитом антиоксидантов ускоряет дегенеративные процессы в структурах глаза. Курение ассоциировано с повышенным риском катаракты и ВМД через механизмы оксидативного стресса. Коррекция образа жизни — перспективное направление первичной профилактики офтальмологических заболеваний. Интеграция данных о факторах риска, внедрение персонифицированных программ, учитывающих генетическую предрасположенность и поведенческие факторы, в клиническую практику и программы общественного здравоохранения может снизить распространенность глазных болезней и улучшить качество жизни пациентов.

Visual impairments are an important medical and social issue affecting the life quality and healthcare economy. Cataracts, glaucoma, myopia and age-related macular degeneration are the leading ophthalmologic conditions. Modifiable behavioral factors and environmental influences play a crucial role in these conditions development. The purpose of this work is to systematically analyze and synthesize current scientific data on how lifestyle affects the prevalence and pathophysiology of ophthalmologic diseases. Modifiable lifestyles correlate with increased risk for major ophthalmologic disorders, such as glaucoma. Physical inactivity, obesity, prolonged use of digital screens, and lack of exposure to natural light all contribute to glaucoma development through vascular and metabolic disturbances. Myopia is also linked to prolonged screen time and a lack of outdoor activity, particularly in children. Unbalanced diets with antioxidant deficiencies accelerate degenerative changes in ocular structures. Smoking increases the risk of cataract and age-related eye disease through oxidative stress. Lifestyle modification is a promising approach to primary prevention of eye disorders. Integrating risk factor information and implementing personalized programs tailored to genetic predispositions and behavioral patterns into clinical care and public health initiatives can significantly reduce eye disease prevalence and improve patient life quality.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.