helmholtzeyeinstituteРоссийский офтальмологический журналRussian Ophthalmological Journal2072-00762587-5760Real time Publishers10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-1-77-84helmholtzeyeinstitute-385Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSПластичность сетчатки при ретинопатии недоношенных и перспективы фототерапииRetinal plasticity in retinopathy of prematurity, and phototherapy prospectsЗуеваМ. В.ZuevaM. V.

Марина Владимировна Зуева – д-р биол. наук, профессор, начальник отдела клинической физиологии зрения им. С.В. Кравкова.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Marina V. Zueva – Dr. of Biol. Sci., Professor, head of the department of clinical physiology of vision named after S.V. Kravkov.

14/19, Sadovaya Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

visionlab@yandex.ruКоголеваЛ. В.KogolevaL. V.

Людмила Викторовна Коголева – д-р мед. наук, руководитель детского консультативно-поликлинического отделения.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Lyudmila V. Kogoleva – Dr. of Med. Sci., head of the children's consultative and outpatient department.

14/19, Sadovaya Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

КатаргинаЛ. А.KatarginaL. A.

Людмила Анатольевна Катаргина – д-р мед. наук, профессор, заместитель директора по научной работе, начальник отдела патологии глаз у детей.

ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062

Lyudmila A. Katargina – Dr. of Med. Sci., Professor, deputy director.

14/19, Sadovaya Chernogryazskaya St., Moscow, 105062

ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава РоссииРоссияHelmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye DiseasesRussian Federation2020150320201317784Copyright © Зуева М.В., Коголева Л.В., Катаргина Л.А., 20202020Зуева М.В., Коголева Л.В., Катаргина Л.А.Zueva M.V., Kogoleva L.V., Katargina L.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/385

У недоношенных младенцев в нейральной сетчатке развиваются пластические изменения, которые в зависимости от тяжести ретинопатии недоношенных (РН) являются проявлением адаптивной или неадаптивной пластичности. В экспериментальных исследованиях на моделях РН у животных продемонстрированы кондиционирующие эффекты стимуляции прерывистым белым светом и различные механизмы положительного влияния красного и ультрафиолетового излучения на пластичность сетчатки, что позволяет рассматривать фототерапию в качестве перспективного метода модифицирующего лечения РН, дополняющего основную терапию. Принимая во внимание, что в патогенез РН вовлечены светозависимые процессы, мы также выдвигаем гипотезу, что в комплексе методов профилактики и лечения РН значительной эффективностью может обладать фрактальная фототерапия сложноструктурированными оптическими стимулами как метод активации адаптивной нейропластичности.

In premature babies, plastic changes develop in the neural retina, which, depending on the severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), are a manifestation of adaptive or non-adaptive plasticity. In various experimental studies on animal ROP models, the conditioning effects of intermittent white light stimulation and various mechanisms of the positive effect of red and ultraviolet radiation on the plasticity of the retina have been demonstrated, which allows phototherapy to be considered as a promising modifying treatment for ROP supplementing the main therapy. Taking into account that light-dependent processes are involved in the pathogenesis of ROP, we also hypothesize that fractal phototherapy with complex-structured optical stimuli, as a method of activating adaptive neuroplasticity, can be most effective in the complex of methods for preventing and treating ROP.

ретинопатия недоношенныхпластичность сетчаткикондиционирующая стимуляцияфототерапияфрактальные оптические сигналыretinopathy of prematurityretinal plasticityconditioning stimulationphototherapyfractal optical signalsReferencesКатаргина Л.А. Ретинопатия недоношенных, современное состояние проблемы и задачи организации офтальмологической помощи недоношенным детям в РФ. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2012; (1): 5–7.Katargina L.A. Retinopathy of prematurity, current state of the problem and tasks of organizing ophthalmologic care for premature babies in the Russian Federation. Rossijskaya Pediatricheskaya Oftalmologiya. 2012; (1): 5–7 (in Russian)Gilbert C. Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective of the epidemics, population of babies at risk and implications for control. Early Hum. Dev. 2008; 84: 77–2. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.11.009.Gilbert C. Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective of the epidemics, population of babies at risk and implications for control. Early Hum. Dev. 2008; 84: 77–2. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.11.009.Сайдашева Э.И., Буяновская С.В., Ковшов Ф.В. Ретинопатия недоношенных у детей со сроком гестации менее 27 недель: особенности течения и результаты лазерного лечения. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2014; 9 (4): 48–9.Saidasheva E.I., Buyanovskaya S.V., Kovshov F.V. Retinopathy of prematurity in infants with gestational age less than 27 weeks: features of the course and results of laser treatment. Rossijskaya pediatricheskaya oftalmologiya. 2014; 9 (4): 48–9 (in Russian)Smith L.E. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 2004; 14 (Suppl A): S140-S144. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2004.03.030Smith L.E. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 2004; 14 (Suppl A): S140-S144. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2004.03.030Quinn G.E., Gilbert C., Darlow B.A., Zin A. Retinopathy of prematurity: an epidemic in the making. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 2010; 123: 2929–37. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2010.20.033Quinn G.E., Gilbert C., Darlow B.A., Zin A. Retinopathy of prematurity: an epidemic in the making. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 2010; 123: 2929–37. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2010.20.033Natoli R., Valter K., Barbosa M., et al. 670 nm photobiomodulation as a novel protection against retinopathy of prematurity: evidence from oxygen induced retinopathy models. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (8): e72135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072135Natoli R., Valter K., Barbosa M., et al. 670 nm photobiomodulation as a novel protection against retinopathy of prematurity: evidence from oxygen induced retinopathy models. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (8): e72135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072135An International Committee for the Classification of retinopathy of prematurity. The international classification of ROP – Revisited. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2005; 123: 991–9. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.7.991An International Committee for the Classification of retinopathy of prematurity. The international classification of ROP – Revisited. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2005; 123: 991–9. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.7.991Christiansen S.P., Dobson V., Quinn G., et al. Progression of type 2 to type 1 retinopathy of prematurity in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2010; 128 (4): 461–5. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.34Christiansen S.P., Dobson V., Quinn G., et al. Progression of type 2 to type 1 retinopathy of prematurity in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2010; 128 (4): 461–5. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.34Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2003; 121: 1684–94. doi: 10.1001/archopht.121.12.1684Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2003; 121: 1684–94. doi: 10.1001/archopht.121.12.1684Ng E.Y., Connolly B.P., McNamara J.A., et al. A comparison of laser photocoagulation with cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity at 10 years: part 1. Visual function and structural outcome. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109 (5): 928–34.Ng E.Y., Connolly B.P., McNamara J.A., et al. A comparison of laser photocoagulation with cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity at 10 years: part 1. Visual function and structural outcome. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109 (5): 928–34.McCloskey M., Wang H., Jiang Y., et al. Anti-VEGF antibody leads to later atypical intravitreous neovascularization and activation of angiogenic pathways in a rat model of ROP. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013; 54: 2020–6. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-11625McCloskey M., Wang H., Jiang Y., et al. Anti-VEGF antibody leads to later atypical intravitreous neovascularization and activation of angiogenic pathways in a rat model of ROP. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013; 54: 2020–6. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-11625O’Connor A.R., Stephenson T.J., Johnson A., et al. Strabismus in children of birth weight less than 1701 g. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2002; 120: 767–73. doi:10.1001/archopht.120.6.767O’Connor A.R., Stephenson T.J., Johnson A., et al. Strabismus in children of birth weight less than 1701 g. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2002; 120: 767–73. doi:10.1001/archopht.120.6.767Terasaki H., Hirose T. Late-onset retinal detachment associated with regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Jap. J. Ophthalmol. 2003; 47 (5): 492–7. doi:10.1016/s0021-5155(03)00088-1Terasaki H., Hirose T. Late-onset retinal detachment associated with regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Jap. J. Ophthalmol. 2003; 47 (5): 492–7. doi:10.1016/s0021-5155(03)00088-1Larsson E., Martin L., Holmström G. Peripheral and central visual fields in 11-year-old children who had been born prematurely and at term. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus. 2004; 41: 39–45. https://doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20040101-10Larsson E., Martin L., Holmström G. Peripheral and central visual fields in 11-year-old children who had been born prematurely and at term. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus. 2004; 41: 39–45. https://doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20040101-10Tufail A., Singh A.J., Haynes R.J., et al. Late onset vitreoretinal complications of regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2004; 88 (2): 243–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2003.022962Tufail A., Singh A.J., Haynes R.J., et al. Late onset vitreoretinal complications of regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2004; 88 (2): 243–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2003.022962Larsson E., Rydberg A., Holmström G. Contrast sensitivity in 10 year old preterm and full term children: a population based study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006; 90: 87–90. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.081653Larsson E., Rydberg A., Holmström G. Contrast sensitivity in 10 year old preterm and full term children: a population based study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006; 90: 87–90. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.081653Wu W.C., Lin R. I., Shin C.P. Visual acuity, optical components, and macular abnormalities in patients with a history of prematurity. Ophthalmology. 2012; 119: 1907–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.040Wu W.C., Lin R. I., Shin C.P. Visual acuity, optical components, and macular abnormalities in patients with a history of prematurity. Ophthalmology. 2012; 119: 1907–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.040Катаргина Л.А., Белова М.А., Коголева Л.В. Вторичные ретинальные дистрофии у детей с ретинопатией недоношенных. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2014; (3): 62.Katargina L.A., Belova M.A., Kogoleva L.V. Secondary retinal dystrophies in children with retinopathy of prematurity. Rossijskaya Pediatricheskaya Oftalmologiya. 2014; (3): 62 (in Russian)Коголева Л.В., Катаргина Л.А., Рудницкая Я.Л. Структурнофункциональное состояние макулы у детей с ретинопатией недоношенных. Вестник офтальмологии. 2011; 127 (6): 25–9.Kogoleva L.V., Katargina L.A., Rudnitskaya Ya.L. Structural and functional state of the macula in children with retinopathy of prematurity. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2011; 127 (6): 25–9 (in Russian)Коголева Л.В., Рогова С.Ю. Нарушения полей зрения у пациентов с ретинопатией недоношенных. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2014; 9 (4): 24.Kogoleva L.V., Rogova S.Yu. Impaired visual fields in patients with retinopathy of prematurity. Rossijskaya Pediatricheskaya Oftalmologiya. 2014; 9 (4): 24 (in Russian)Fielder A., Blencowe H., O’Connor A., Gilbert C. Impact of retinopathy of prematurity on ocular structures and visual functions. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015; 100 (2): F179–84. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306207Fielder A., Blencowe H., O’Connor A., Gilbert C. Impact of retinopathy of prematurity on ocular structures and visual functions. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015; 100 (2): F179–84. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306207Moskowitz A., Hansen R., Fulton A. Retinal, visual, and refractive development in retinopathy of prematurity. Eye and Brain. 2016; 8: 103–11. doi: 10.2147/EB.S9502Moskowitz A., Hansen R., Fulton A. Retinal, visual, and refractive development in retinopathy of prematurity. Eye and Brain. 2016; 8: 103–11. doi: 10.2147/EB.S9502Shatz C.J. Emergence of order in visual system development. J. Physiol. Paris. 1996; 90: 141–50.Shatz C.J. Emergence of order in visual system development. J. Physiol. Paris. 1996; 90: 141–50.Wong R.O.L. Retinal waves and visual system development. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1999; 22: 29–47.Wong R.O.L. Retinal waves and visual system development. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1999; 22: 29–47.Tian N. Visual experience and maturation of retinal synaptic pathways. Vis. Res. 2004; 44 (28): 33. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.041Tian N. Visual experience and maturation of retinal synaptic pathways. Vis. Res. 2004; 44 (28): 33. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.041Madan A., Good W.V. Preterm birth and the visual system. NeoReviews. 2005; 6(3): e153-159. doi: 10.1542/neo.6-3-e153Madan A., Good W.V. Preterm birth and the visual system. NeoReviews. 2005; 6(3): e153-159. doi: 10.1542/neo.6-3-e153Xu H.P., Tian N. Retinal ganglion cell dendrites undergo a visual activity-dependent redistribution after eye opening. J. Comp. Neurol. 2007; 503 (2): 244–59. doi: 10.1002/cne.21379Xu H.P., Tian N. Retinal ganglion cell dendrites undergo a visual activity-dependent redistribution after eye opening. J. Comp. Neurol. 2007; 503 (2): 244–59. doi: 10.1002/cne.21379Luciana M. Cognitive development in children born preterm: Implications for theories of brain plasticity following early injury. Dev. Psychopathol. 2003; 15: 1017–47. doi: 10.1017.S095457940300049XLuciana M. Cognitive development in children born preterm: Implications for theories of brain plasticity following early injury. Dev. Psychopathol. 2003; 15: 1017–47. doi: 10.1017.S095457940300049XRothman A.L., Mangalesh S., Chen X., Toth C.A. Optical coherence tomography of the preterm eye: from retinopathy of prematurity to brain development. Eye and Brain. 2016; 8: 123–33. doi: 10.2147/EB.S97660Rothman A.L., Mangalesh S., Chen X., Toth C.A. Optical coherence tomography of the preterm eye: from retinopathy of prematurity to brain development. Eye and Brain. 2016; 8: 123–33. doi: 10.2147/EB.S97660The effects of light reduction on retinopathy of prematurity (LightROP). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000156. First Posted: September 24, 1999. Last Update Posted: June 5, 2006. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000156The effects of light reduction on retinopathy of prematurity (LightROP). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000156. First Posted: September 24, 1999. Last Update Posted: June 5, 2006. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000156Reynolds J.D., Hardy R.J., Kennedy K.A., et al. Lack of efficacy of light reduction in preventing retinopathy of prematurity. Light reduction in retinopathy of prematurity (LIGHT-ROP) Cooperative Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 338 (22): 1572–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199805283382202Reynolds J.D., Hardy R.J., Kennedy K.A., et al. Lack of efficacy of light reduction in preventing retinopathy of prematurity. Light reduction in retinopathy of prematurity (LIGHT-ROP) Cooperative Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 338 (22): 1572–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199805283382202Jorge E.C, Jorge E.N., El Dib R.P. Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; (8). Art. No.: CD000122. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000122.pub2Jorge E.C, Jorge E.N., El Dib R.P. Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; (8). Art. No.: CD000122. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000122.pub2Okwundu C.I., Okoromah C.A.N., Shah P.S. Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007966. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007966.pub2Okwundu C.I., Okoromah C.A.N., Shah P.S. Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007966. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007966.pub2Nguyen M.-T.T., Vemaraju S., Nayak G., et al. An opsin 5–dopamine pathway mediates light-dependent vascular development in the eye. Nature Cell Biology. 2019; 21 (4): 420 doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0301-xNguyen M.-T.T., Vemaraju S., Nayak G., et al. An opsin 5–dopamine pathway mediates light-dependent vascular development in the eye. Nature Cell Biology. 2019; 21 (4): 420 doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0301-xGrossniklaus H.E., Kang S.J., Berglin L. Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2010; 29: 500–19. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.003Grossniklaus H.E., Kang S.J., Berglin L. Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2010; 29: 500–19. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.003Rojas J.C., Lee J., John J.M., Gonzalez-Lima F. Neuroprotective effects of near-infrared light in an in vivo model of mitochondrial optic neuropathy. J. Neurosci. 2008; 28: 13511–21. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3457-08.2008Rojas J.C., Lee J., John J.M., Gonzalez-Lima F. Neuroprotective effects of near-infrared light in an in vivo model of mitochondrial optic neuropathy. J. Neurosci. 2008; 28: 13511–21. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3457-08.2008Albarracin R., Eells J., Valter K. Photobiomodulation protects the retina from light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52: 3582–92. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6664Albarracin R., Eells J., Valter K. Photobiomodulation protects the retina from light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52: 3582–92. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6664Albarracin R., Valter K. 670 nm red light preconditioning supports muller cell function: evidence from the white light-induced damage model in the rat retina. Photochem. Photobiol. 2012; 88 (6): 1418–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01130.xAlbarracin R., Valter K. 670 nm red light preconditioning supports muller cell function: evidence from the white light-induced damage model in the rat retina. Photochem. Photobiol. 2012; 88 (6): 1418–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01130.xYing R., Liang H.L., Whelan H.T., Eells J.T., Wong-Riley M.T. Pretreatment with near-infrared light via light-emitting diode provides added benefit against rotenone- and MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 2008; 1243: 167–73. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.057Ying R., Liang H.L., Whelan H.T., Eells J.T., Wong-Riley M.T. Pretreatment with near-infrared light via light-emitting diode provides added benefit against rotenone- and MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 2008; 1243: 167–73. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.057Eells J.T., Wong-Riley M.T., VerHoeve J., et al. Mitochondrial signal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy. Mitochondrion. 2004; 4: 559–67. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2004.07.033Eells J.T., Wong-Riley M.T., VerHoeve J., et al. Mitochondrial signal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy. Mitochondrion. 2004; 4: 559–67. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2004.07.033Natoli R., Zhu Y., Valter K., et al. Gene and noncoding RNA regulation underlying photoreceptor protection: microarray study of dietary antioxidant saffron and photobiomodulation in rat retina. Mol. Vis. 2010; 16: 1801–22.Natoli R., Zhu Y., Valter K., et al. Gene and noncoding RNA regulation underlying photoreceptor protection: microarray study of dietary antioxidant saffron and photobiomodulation in rat retina. Mol. Vis. 2010; 16: 1801–22.Karu T. Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol. 1999; 49: 1–17. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00219-XKaru T. Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol. 1999; 49: 1–17. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00219-XSilveira P.C., Streck E.L., Pinho R.A. Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in wound healing by low-level laser therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol. 2007; 86: 279–82. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.10.002Silveira P.C., Streck E.L., Pinho R.A. Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in wound healing by low-level laser therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol. 2007; 86: 279–82. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.10.002Кару Т.И., Афанасьева Н.И. Цитохром-с-оксидаза как первичный фотоакцептор при лазерном воздействии света видимого и ближнего ИК-диапазона на культуру клеток. Доклады АН. 1995; 342: 693–7.Karu T.I., Afanas’eva N.I. Cytochrome c oxidase as the primary photoacceptor upon laser exposure of cultured cells to visible and near IR-range light. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 1995; 342: 693–5 (in Russian)Zhou X., Pardue M.T., Iuvone P.M., Qu J. Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges? Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2017; 61: 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003Zhou X., Pardue M.T., Iuvone P.M., Qu J. Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges? Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2017; 61: 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003Bhattacharya R., Sinha S., Yang Su-Ping, et al. The neurotransmitter dopamine modulates vascular permeability in the endothelium. J. Mol. Signal. 2008; 3: 14. doi: 10.1186/1750-2187-3-14Bhattacharya R., Sinha S., Yang Su-Ping, et al. The neurotransmitter dopamine modulates vascular permeability in the endothelium. J. Mol. Signal. 2008; 3: 14. doi: 10.1186/1750-2187-3-14Tarttelin E.E., Bellingham J., Hankins M.W., Foster R.G., Lucas R.J. Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue. FEBS Letters. 2003; 554 (3): 410–6. doi:10.1016/S00145793(03)01212-2Tarttelin E.E., Bellingham J., Hankins M.W., Foster R.G., Lucas R.J. Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue. FEBS Letters. 2003; 554 (3): 410–6. doi:10.1016/S00145793(03)01212-2Tomonari S., Migita K., Takagi A., Noji S., Ohuchi H. Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina. Dev. Dynamics. 2008; 237 (7): 1910–22. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.21611Tomonari S., Migita K., Takagi A., Noji S., Ohuchi H. Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina. Dev. Dynamics. 2008; 237 (7): 1910–22. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.21611Nakane Y., Ikegami K., Ono H., et al. A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds. PNAS U.S.A. 2010; 107 (34): 15264–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006393107Nakane Y., Ikegami K., Ono H., et al. A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds. PNAS U.S.A. 2010; 107 (34): 15264–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006393107Sato K., Yamashita T., Haruki Y., et al. Two UV-sensitive photoreceptor proteins, Opn5m and Opn5m2 in ray-finned fish with distinct molecular properties and broad distribution in the retina and brain. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (5): e0155339. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155339Sato K., Yamashita T., Haruki Y., et al. Two UV-sensitive photoreceptor proteins, Opn5m and Opn5m2 in ray-finned fish with distinct molecular properties and broad distribution in the retina and brain. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (5): e0155339. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155339Kojima D., Mori S., Torii M., et al. UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e26388. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026388Kojima D., Mori S., Torii M., et al. UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e26388. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026388Rivera J.C., Holm M., Austeng D., et al. Retinopathy of prematurity: inflammation, choroidal degeneration, and novel promising therapeutic strategies. J. Neuroinflam. 2017; 14 (1): 165. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0943-1Rivera J.C., Holm M., Austeng D., et al. Retinopathy of prematurity: inflammation, choroidal degeneration, and novel promising therapeutic strategies. J. Neuroinflam. 2017; 14 (1): 165. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0943-1Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Akula J.D. The neurovascular retina in retinopathy of prematurity. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2009; 28 (6): 452–82. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.003Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Akula J.D. The neurovascular retina in retinopathy of prematurity. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2009; 28 (6): 452–82. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.003Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Akula J.D., Fulton A.B. The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2017; 56: 32–57. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.09.004Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Akula J.D., Fulton A.B. The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2017; 56: 32–57. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.09.004Harris M.E., Moscowitz A., Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M. Long-term effects of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on rod and rod-driven function. Doc. Ophthalmol. 2011; 122 (1): 19–27. doi: 10.1007/s10633-010-9251-0Harris M.E., Moscowitz A., Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M. Long-term effects of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on rod and rod-driven function. Doc. Ophthalmol. 2011; 122 (1): 19–27. doi: 10.1007/s10633-010-9251-0Akula J.D., Hansen R.M., Martinez-Perez M.E., Fulton A.B. Rod photoreceptor function predicts blood vessel abnormality in retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007; 48 (9): 4351–9. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-0204Akula J.D., Hansen R.M., Martinez-Perez M.E., Fulton A.B. Rod photoreceptor function predicts blood vessel abnormality in retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007; 48 (9): 4351–9. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-0204Liu K., Akula J.D., Falk C., Hansen R.M., Fulton A.B. The retinal vasculature and function of the neural retina in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006; 47: 2639–47. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0016Liu K., Akula J.D., Falk C., Hansen R.M., Fulton A.B. The retinal vasculature and function of the neural retina in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006; 47: 2639–47. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0016Hansen R.M., Tavormina J.L., Moskowitz A., Fulton A.B. Effect of retinopathy of prematurity on scotopic spatial summation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2014; 55 (5): 3311–3. doi: 10.1167/iovs.1414344Hansen R.M., Tavormina J.L., Moskowitz A., Fulton A.B. Effect of retinopathy of prematurity on scotopic spatial summation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2014; 55 (5): 3311–3. doi: 10.1167/iovs.1414344Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Tavormina J.L., Bush J.N., Fulton A.B. Temporal summation in children with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2015; 56: 914–7. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-16102Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Tavormina J.L., Bush J.N., Fulton A.B. Temporal summation in children with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2015; 56: 914–7. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-16102Hansen R.M., Fulton A.B. Dark-adapted thresholds at 10- and 30-deg eccentricities in 10-week-old infants. Vis. Neurosci. 1995; 12 (3 May-Jun.): 509–12. doi:10.1017/s0952523800008415Hansen R.M., Fulton A.B. Dark-adapted thresholds at 10- and 30-deg eccentricities in 10-week-old infants. Vis. Neurosci. 1995; 12 (3 May-Jun.): 509–12. doi:10.1017/s0952523800008415Hansen R.M., Fulton A.B. The course of maturation of rod-mediated visual thresholds in infants. Invest. Ophthalmo.l Vis. Sci. 1999; 40 (8 Jul.): 1883–6. PMID: 10393066Hansen R.M., Fulton A.B. The course of maturation of rod-mediated visual thresholds in infants. Invest. Ophthalmo.l Vis. Sci. 1999; 40 (8 Jul.): 1883–6. PMID: 10393066Palmer E.A., Flynn J.T., Hardy R.J., et al. Incidence and early course of retinopathy of prematurity. The Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98: 1628–40.Palmer E.A., Flynn J.T., Hardy R.J., et al. Incidence and early course of retinopathy of prematurity. The Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98: 1628–40.Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Barnaby A.M. Multifocal ERG in subjects with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Doc. Ophthalmol. 2005; 111: 7–13. doi: 10.1007/s10633-005-2621-3Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M., Moskowitz A., Barnaby A.M. Multifocal ERG in subjects with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Doc. Ophthalmol. 2005; 111: 7–13. doi: 10.1007/s10633-005-2621-3Hammer D.X., Iftimia N.V., Ferguson R.D., et al. Foveal fine structure in retinopathy of prematurity: an adaptive optics Fourier domain optical coherence tomography study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008; 49 (5): 2061–70. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1228Hammer D.X., Iftimia N.V., Ferguson R.D., et al. Foveal fine structure in retinopathy of prematurity: an adaptive optics Fourier domain optical coherence tomography study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008; 49 (5): 2061–70. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1228Yanni S.E., Wang J., Cheng C.S., et al. Normative reference ranges for the retinal nerve fiber layer, macula, and retinal layer thicknesses in children. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2013; 155 (2): 354–60; e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.08.010Yanni S.E., Wang J., Cheng C.S., et al. Normative reference ranges for the retinal nerve fiber layer, macula, and retinal layer thicknesses in children. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2013; 155 (2): 354–60; e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.08.010Коголева Л.В., Аракелян М.А., Шамшинова А.М., Катаргина Л.А. Роль электрофизиологических исследований в оценке и прогнозировании зрения при ретинопатии недоношенных. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2013; 6 (3): 40–4.Kogoleva L.V., Arakelyan M.A., Shamshinova A.M., Katargina L.A. The role of electrophysiological studies in assessing and predicting vision in retinopathy of prematurity. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2013; 6 (3): 44–4 (in Russan)Akula J.D., Mocofanescu A., Ferguson R.D., et al. Retinal remodeling in retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. April 2014, 55: 3505. Available at: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2268939Akula J.D., Mocofanescu A., Ferguson R.D., et al. Retinal remodeling in retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. April 2014, 55: 3505. Available at: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2268939Francardo V., Schmitz Y., Sulzer D., Cenci M.A. Neuroprotection and neurorestoration as experimental therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 2017; 298: 137–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.001Francardo V., Schmitz Y., Sulzer D., Cenci M.A. Neuroprotection and neurorestoration as experimental therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 2017; 298: 137–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.001Goldberger A.L., Amaral L.A.N., Hausdorff J.M., et al. Fractal dynamics in physiology: Alterations with disease and aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002; 99 (Suppl.1): 2466–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012579499Goldberger A.L., Amaral L.A.N., Hausdorff J.M., et al. Fractal dynamics in physiology: Alterations with disease and aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002; 99 (Suppl.1): 2466–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012579499Manor B., Lipsitz L.A. Physiologic complexity and aging: implications for physical function and rehabilitation. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2013; 45: 287–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.020Manor B., Lipsitz L.A. Physiologic complexity and aging: implications for physical function and rehabilitation. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2013; 45: 287–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.020Zueva M. Fractality of sensations and the brain health: the theory linking neurodegenerative disorder with distortion of spatial and temporal scale-invariance and fractal complexity of the visible world. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2015; 7: 135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00135Zueva M. Fractality of sensations and the brain health: the theory linking neurodegenerative disorder with distortion of spatial and temporal scale-invariance and fractal complexity of the visible world. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2015; 7: 135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00135Zueva M.V. Dynamic fractal flickering as a tool in research of nonlinear dynamics of the evoked activity of a visual system and the possible basis for new diagnostics and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and brain. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013; 27 (4): 462–8. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.27.04.13657Zueva M.V. Dynamic fractal flickering as a tool in research of nonlinear dynamics of the evoked activity of a visual system and the possible basis for new diagnostics and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and brain. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013; 27 (4): 462–8. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.27.04.13657Зуева М.В. Технологии нелинейной стимуляции: роль в терапии заболеваний головного мозга и потенциал применения у здоровых лиц. Физиология человека. 2018; 44 (3): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0131164618030074Zueva M.V. Technologies of nonlinear stimulation: role in the treatment of diseases of the brain and the potential applications in healthy individuals. Human physiology. 2018; 44 (3): 289–99. doi: 10.1134/S0362119718030180

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.