<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">helmholtzeyeinstitute</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский офтальмологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Ophthalmological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5760</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Real time Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-1-47-55</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">helmholtzeyeinstitute-581</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Выживаемость больных ретинобластомой по данным когортного исследования двух центров РФ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Survival of retinoblastoma patients: a cohort study by two Russian medical centers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саакян</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saakyan</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Владимировна Саакян — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, начальник отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца, зав. учебной частью кафедры глазных болезней ФДПО.</p><p>Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Saakyan — Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, head of ocular oncology and radiology department HNMRCED, deputy director of education, ophthalmology faculty Evdokimov MSMSUMD.</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya st., Moscow, 105062; 20/1, Delegatskaya st., Moscow, 127473</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Андреевна Иванова — кандидат медицинских наук, врач-офтальмолог отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии.</p><p>Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Ivanova — Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist at ocular oncology and radiology department.</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya st., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тадевосян</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tadevosyan</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сюзанна Сережаевна Тадевосян — аспирант отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии.</p><p>Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Suzanna S. Tadevosyan — PhD-student at ocular oncology and radiology Department.</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya st., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">syuzanna9.05@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганков</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygankov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Юрьевич Цыганков — кандидат медицинских наук, младший научный сотрудник отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца, ассистент кафедры глазных болезней ФДПО МГМСУ им. А.И. Евдокимова.</p><p>Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey Yu. Tsygankov — Cand. of Med. Sci., researcher at ocular oncology and radiology department HNMRCED, assistant at ophthalmology faculty Evdokimov MSMSUMD.</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya st., Moscow, 105062; 20/1, Delegatskaya st., Moscow, 127473</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ольхова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Olkhova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Людмила Владимировна Ольхова — врач — детский онколог отдела офтальмоонкологии и радиологии НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца, врач — детский онколог отделения трансплантации костного мозга РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова.</p><p>Ул. Садовая-Черногрязская, д. 14/19, Москва, 105062</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludmila V. Olkhova — pediatric oncologist of ocular oncology and radiology department HNMRCED, pediatric oncologist of bone marrow transplantation department Pirogov RNRMU.</p><p>14/19, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya st., Moscow, 105062</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушакова</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakova</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Леонидовна Ушакова — доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения опухолей головы и шеи НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, профессор кафедры детской онкологии РМАНПО.</p><p>Каширское шоссе, 24, Москва, 115478; ул. Баррикадная, д. 2, 123242, Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana L. Ushakova — Dr. of Med. Sci., leading researcher of department of head and neck tumors N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, professor of pediatric oncology department RMACPE.</p><p>24, Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, 115478; 2, Barrikadnaya st., Moscow, 123242</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Георгиевич Поляков — академик РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, советник директора НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии, руководитель отделения опухолей головы и шеи НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, заведующий кафедрой детской онкологии РМАНПО.</p><p>Каширское шоссе, 24, Москва, 115478; ул. Баррикадная, д. 2, 123242, Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir G. Polyakov — Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. of Med. Sci., professor, advisor to the director, head of department of head and neck tumors N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, head of the pediatric oncology department RMACPE.</p><p>24, Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, 115478; 2, Barrikadnaya st., Moscow, 123242</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО МГМСУ им. А.И. Евдокимова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases; Evdokimov Moscow State Medical Stomatological University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца Минздрава России; Обособленное структурное подразделение РДКБ ФГАОУ ВО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Саакян С.В., Иванова О.А., Тадевосян С.С., Цыганков А.Ю., Ольхова Л.В., Ушакова Т.Л., Поляков В.Г., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Иванова О.А., Тадевосян С.С., Цыганков А.Ю., Ольхова Л.В., Ушакова Т.Л., Поляков В.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Ivanova O.A., Tadevosyan S.S., Tsygankov A.Y., Olkhova L.V., Ushakova T.L., Polyakov V.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/581">https://roj.igb.ru/jour/article/view/581</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования — оценить общую, зависящую от заболевания, бессобытийную, безрецидивную выживаемость больных ретинобластомой (РБ) и кумулятивную вероятность сохранения глаз.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Обследованы 223 пациента с РБ. Монокулярную форму заболевания диагностировали в 69,1 % случаев (n = 154), бинокулярную форму — в 30,9 % (n = 69). Медиана срока наблюдения за пациентами составила 40 мес. Группа A по классификации ABC диагностирована в 16 (5,5 %) из 292 глаз, группа B — в 53 (18,2 %), группа C — в 41 (14,0 %), группа D — в 58 (19,9 %), группа E — в 124 (42,5 %). При односторонней РБ группу E выявляют в 56,5 % случаев, что в 2 раза чаще, чем при двусторонней РБ — 26,8 % (p &lt; 0,01).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Общая 5-летняя выживаемость детей, получивших лечение по поводу РБ (n = 223), составила 96,4 ± 1,4 %. Пятилетняя выживаемость детей, зависящая от основного заболевания (n = 222), составила 96,8 ± 1,3 % в общей когорте. Бессобытийная 5-летняя выживаемость детей, получивших лечение по поводу РБ (n = 223), составила 66,7 ± 3,6 %, при монолатеральном поражении (n = 154) — 74,1 ± 4,2 %, при билатеральном поражении (n = 69) — 50,6 ± 6,2 %. Безрецидивная 5-летняя выживаемость составила 83,3 ± 3,1 %, при монокулярной форме — 87,8 ± 3,3 %, при бинокулярной форме — 73,3 ± 6,4 %. Пятилетняя кумулятивная вероятность сохранения глаз зависит от латеральности и стадии опухоли (p &lt; 0,05). Пятилетняя выживаемость детей с монокулярным поражением, зависящая от основного заболевания, при органосохраняющем лечении составила 100 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Современное комбинированное лечение пациентов с РБ позволяет сохранить не только жизнь и глаза больному ребенку, но и зрительные функции, что обеспечивает социальную адаптацию и улучшение качества жизни больных. Показано, что при бинокулярной форме удается сохранить большее количество глаз, чем при монокулярной форме. Строгое соблюдение критериев для органосохраняющего лечения не повышает риск метастазирования. Вовремя проведенная энуклеация при абсолютных показаниях остается методом выбора для спасения жизни ребенка.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. To evaluate the overall, disease-specific, event-free, relapse-free survival of retinoblastoma (RB) patients and cumulative probability of eye survival in such patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study included 223 children with RB (126 male, 97 female). Monolateral disease was diagnosed in 69.1 % of cases (n = 154), bilateral disease in 30.9 % (n = 69). The median follow-up was 40 months (interquartile range from 27 to 53 months). According to ABC classification, group A was diagnosed in 16 of 292 eyes (5.5 %), group B — in 53 (18.2 %), group C — in 41 (14.0 %), group D — 58 (19.9 %), and group E — in 124 (42.5 %). Group E was detected twice as often in patients with unilateral RB as in bilateral RB (56.5 % versus 26.8 %; p &lt; 0.01). Stage T1 according to TNM classification was diagnosed in 69 cases (23.6 %), stage T2-T3 — in 213 cases (72.9 %). The extraocular form (stage T4) was detected in 3.4 % of cases (n = 10).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The overall five-year survival of patients treated for RB (n = 223) was 96.4 ± 1.4 %. The 5-year disease- specific survival (n = 222) was 96.8 ± 1.3 % in the general cohort, 96.5 ± 1.5 % in the group of children with monocular RB, 97.3 ± 2.7 % for binocular RB. Five-year event-free survival rate of children who received treatment (n = 223) was 66.7 ± 3.6 %, with monolateral lesion (n = 154) — 74.1 ± 4.2 %, with bilateral lesion — 50.6 ± 6.2 % (n = 69). Five-year relapse-free survival took place in 83.3 ± 3.1 %, with monolateral RB — 87.8 ± 3.3 %, with bilateral RB — 73.3 ± 6.4 %. Primary enucleation was performed in 121 of the 223 children treated for RB and included in the study. The frequency of primary enucleation with monocular RB was more than twice as high (55.2 %; 85 of 154 eyes) as with binocular RB (26.1 %; 36 of 138 eyes; p &lt; 0.01). Organ-preserving treatment was carried out in 138 cases (171 eyes). It was effective in 123 (89.2 %) children (152 eyes; 88.9 %). 5-year ocular survival was 85.7 ± 3.7 %, with monolateral RB — 78.2 ± 6.6 %, with bilateral RB — 92.2 ± 2.8 %. Ocular survival counted separately for groups A, B, C, D, equaled 100 %, 100%, 76.6 ± 6.9 %, and 71.1 ± 11.9 %, respectively. The five-year disease-specific survival rate of children with monocular lesion given eye-preserving treatment was 100%, significantly higher than after primary enucleation — 93.4 ± 2.9 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Modern combined retinoblastoma treatment is able to save the sick children’s lifes and and even their eyes and visual functions, which improves social adaptation and quality of life. It has been shown that, with a binocular form, it is possible to save more eyes than with a monocular form. Eye-preserving treatment administered to patients with intraocular RB under strictly observed criteria does not heighten the risk of metastasis. Yet timely enucleation in cases of absolute indications remains the method of choice in saving the life of a child.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ретинобластома</kwd><kwd>общая выживаемость</kwd><kwd>выживаемость</kwd><kwd>зависящая от основного заболевания</kwd><kwd>бессобытийная выживаемость</kwd><kwd>безрецидивная выживаемость</kwd><kwd>вероятность сохранения глаз</kwd><kwd>комбинированное лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>retinoblastoma</kwd><kwd>overall survival</kwd><kwd>disease specific survival</kwd><kwd>event-free survival</kwd><kwd>relapse-free survival</kwd><kwd>ocular survival</kwd><kwd>combined treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ward E., DeSantis C., Robbins A., Kohler B., Jemal A. Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2014; 64 (2): 83–103. doi: 10.3322/caac.21219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ward E., DeSantis C., Robbins A., Kohler B., Jemal A. Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2014; 64 (2): 83–103. doi: 10.3322/caac.21219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В. Ретинобластома (клиника, диагностика, лечение) Москва: ОАО «Изд-во Медицина»; 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V. Retinoblastoma (clinical features, diagnosis, treatment). Moscow: OAO «Izd-vo Meditsina»; 2005 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kao L.Y., Su W.W., Lin Y.W. Retinoblastoma in Taiwan: survival and clinical characteristics 1978–2000. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2002; 46 (5): 577–80. doi: 10.1016/s0021-5155(02)00546-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kao L.Y., Su W.W., Lin Y.W. Retinoblastoma in Taiwan: survival and clinical characteristics 1978–2000. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2002; 46 (5): 577–80. doi: 10.1016/s0021-5155(02)00546-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang C.Y., Chiou T.J., Hwang B., et al. Retinoblastoma in Taiwan: survival rate and prognostic factors. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol 2006; 50 (3): 242–9. doi: 10.1007/s10384-005-0320-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang C.Y., Chiou T.J., Hwang B., et al. Retinoblastoma in Taiwan: survival rate and prognostic factors. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol 2006; 50 (3): 242–9. doi: 10.1007/s10384-005-0320-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swaminathan R., Rama R., Shanta V. Childhood cancers in Chennai, India, 1990–2001: incidence and survival. Int. J. Cancer. 2008; 122 (11): 2607–11. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23428</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swaminathan R., Rama R., Shanta V. Childhood cancers in Chennai, India, 1990–2001: incidence and survival. Int. J. Cancer. 2008; 122 (11): 2607–11. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23428</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wessels G., Hesseling P.B. Outcome of children treated for cancer in the Republic of Namibia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1996; 27 (3): 160–4. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199609)27:3&lt;160::AID-MPO5&gt;3.0.CO;2-C</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wessels G., Hesseling P.B. Outcome of children treated for cancer in the Republic of Namibia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1996; 27 (3): 160–4. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199609)27:3&lt;160::AID-MPO5&gt;3.0.CO;2-C</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowman R.J., Mafwiri M., Luthert P., Luande J., Wood M. Outcome of retinoblastoma in east Africa. Pediatr. Blood Cancer. 2008; 50 (1): 160–2. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21080</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowman R.J., Mafwiri M., Luthert P., Luande J., Wood M. Outcome of retinoblastoma in east Africa. Pediatr. Blood Cancer. 2008; 50 (1): 160–2. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21080</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu J.E., Francis J.H., Dunkel I.J., et al. Metastases and death rates after primary enucleation of unilateral retinoblastoma in the USA 2007-2017. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2019; 103 (9): 1272–7. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312915</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu J.E., Francis J.H., Dunkel I.J., et al. Metastases and death rates after primary enucleation of unilateral retinoblastoma in the USA 2007-2017. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2019; 103 (9): 1272–7. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312915</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu H., Zhang W., Wang Y., et al. Characterization, treatment and prognosis of retinoblastoma with central nervous system metastasis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018; 18 (107). doi: 10.1186/s12886-018-0772-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu H., Zhang W., Wang Y., et al. Characterization, treatment and prognosis of retinoblastoma with central nervous system metastasis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018; 18 (107). doi: 10.1186/s12886-018-0772-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br. Journ. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (9): 1129–31. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.150292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br. Journ. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (9): 1129–31. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.150292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ueda T., Koga Y., Yoshikawa H., et al. Survival and ocular preservation in a long-term cohort of Japanese patients with retinoblastoma. BMC Pediatr. 2020; 20: 37. doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-1923-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ueda T., Koga Y., Yoshikawa H., et al. Survival and ocular preservation in a long-term cohort of Japanese patients with retinoblastoma. BMC Pediatr. 2020; 20: 37. doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-1923-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camp D.A., Dalvin L.A., Schwendeman R., Lim L.S., Shields C.L. Outcomes of neonatal retinoblastoma in pre-chemotherapy and chemotherapy eras. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2019; 67: 1997–2004. doi: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_634_19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camp D.A., Dalvin L.A., Schwendeman R., Lim L.S., Shields C.L. Outcomes of neonatal retinoblastoma in pre-chemotherapy and chemotherapy eras. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2019; 67: 1997–2004. doi: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_634_19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphee A.L., Villablanca J.G., Deegan W.F. 3rd, et al. Chemotherapy plus local treatment in the management of intraocular retinoblastoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996; 114: 1348–56. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140548005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphee A.L., Villablanca J.G., Deegan W.F. 3rd, et al. Chemotherapy plus local treatment in the management of intraocular retinoblastoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996; 114: 1348–56. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140548005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белкина Б.М., Дурнов Л.А., Поляков В.Г. и др. Лечебная тактика и результаты комплексного лечения ретинобластомы у детей в распространенных стадиях заболевания. Вопросы онкологии. 1997; 43 (4): 435–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belkina B.M., Durnov L.A., Polyakov V.G., et al. Therapeutic tactics and results of complex treatment of retinoblastoma in children in the common stages of the disease. Voprosy onkologii. 1997; 43 (4): 435–9 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушакова Т.Л., Трофимов И.А., Горовцова О.В. и др. Новая эра органосохраняющего лечения детей с интраокулярной ретинобластомой в России: мультицентровое когортное исследование. Онкопедиатрия. 2018; 5 (1): 51–69. doi: 10.15690/onco.v5i1.1866</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushakova Т.L., Тrofimov I.A., Gorovtsova О.V., et al. A new era of organ-preserving treatment in pediatric intraocular retinoblastoma in Russia: a multicenter cohort study. Oncopediatrics. 2018; 5 (1): 51–69 (in Russian). doi: 10.15690/onco.v5i1.1866</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Жаруа А.А., Мякошина Е.Б., Лазарева Л.А., Яковлев С.Б. Суперселективная интраартериальная химиотерапия в лечении резистентных и далеко зашедших форм ретинобластомы: возможные осложнения и меры их профилактики. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2013; 1: 31–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Zharua A.A., Myakoshina E.B., Lazareva L.A., Yakovlev S.B. Superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy for the treatment of refractory and advanced retinoblastoma: possible complications and measures for their prevention Rossiyskaya pediatricheskaya oftal'mologiya. 2013; 1: 31–4 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Мякошина Е.Б., Поляков В.Г., Ушакова Т.Л., Исмаилова Д.М. Макулопатия и хориоретинопатия у детей с ретинобластомой на фоне химиотерапии: клинико-морфометрические исследования. Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2018; 13 (4): 167–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saakyan S.V., Myakoshina E.B., Polyakov V.G., Ushakova T.L., Ismailova D.M. Maculopathy and chorioretinopathy in children with retinoblastoma during chemotherapy: clinical and morphometric studies. Rossiyskaya pediatricheskaya oftal'mologiya. 2018; 13 (4): 167–75 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долгушин Б.И., Ушакова Т.Л., Погребняков И.В. и др. Роль селективной интраартериальной и интравитреальной химиотерапии в органосохраняющем лечении детей с ретинобластомой. Забайкальский медицинский вестник. 2018; 1: 7–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolgushin B., Ushakova Т., Pogrebnyakov I., et al. The role of selective intraaterial and intravitreal chemotherapy in organpreserving treatment of the children with an intraocular retinoblastoma. Zabaykal'skiy meditsinskiy vestnik. 2018; 1: 7–24 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cassoux N., Lumbroso L., Levy-Gabriel C., et al. Retinoblastoma: update on current management. Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol (Phila). 2017; 6 (3): 290–5. doi: 10.22608/APO.201778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cassoux N., Lumbroso L., Levy-Gabriel C., et al. Retinoblastoma: update on current management. Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol (Phila). 2017; 6 (3): 290–5. doi: 10.22608/APO.201778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linn Murphree A. Intraocular retinoblastoma: the case for a new group classification. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 2005; 18 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1016/j.ohc.2004.11.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linn Murphree A. Intraocular retinoblastoma: the case for a new group classification. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 2005; 18 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1016/j.ohc.2004.11.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Янченко Т.В., Громакина Е.В. Эпидемиологические аспекты ретинобластомы. Медицина в Кузбассе. 2015; 14 (2): 4–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yanchenko T.V., Gromakina E.V. Epidemiological aspects of retinoblastoma. Meditsina v Kuzbasse. 2015; 14 (2): 4–9 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tamboli D., Topham A., Singh N., Singh A.D. Retinoblastoma: A SEER dataset evaluation for treatment patterns, survival, and second malignant neoplasms. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2015; 160 (5): 953–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.07.037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tamboli D., Topham A., Singh N., Singh A.D. Retinoblastoma: A SEER dataset evaluation for treatment patterns, survival, and second malignant neoplasms. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2015; 160 (5): 953–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.07.037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broaddus E., Topham A., Singh A.D. Survival with retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975–2004. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (1): 24–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broaddus E., Topham A., Singh A.D. Survival with retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975–2004. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (1): 24–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саакян С.В., Иванова О.А., Горовцова О.В. и др. Отдаленные итоги лечения детей с интраокулярной ретинобластомой. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2019; 15 (33): 14–7.Doi 10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-33-14-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Саакян С.В., Иванова О.А., Горовцова О.В. и др. Отдаленные итоги лечения детей с интраокулярной ретинобластомой. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2019; 15 (33): 14–7. [Saakyan S.V., Ivanova O.A., Gorovtsova O.V., et al. Long-term results of children with intraocular retinoblastoma treatment. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2019; 15 (33): 14–7 (in Russian). Doi 10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-33-14-17]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacCarthy A., Birch J.M., Draper G.J., et al. Retinoblastoma: treatment and survival in Great Britain 1963 to 2002. Br .J. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (1): 38–9. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2008.139626</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacCarthy A., Birch J.M., Draper G.J., et al. Retinoblastoma: treatment and survival in Great Britain 1963 to 2002. Br .J. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (1): 38–9. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2008.139626</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramson D.H., Schefler A.C. Update on retinoblastoma. Retina. 2004; 24 (6): 828–48. doi: 10.1097/00006982-200412000-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramson D.H., Schefler A.C. Update on retinoblastoma. Retina. 2004; 24 (6): 828–48. doi: 10.1097/00006982-200412000-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramson D.H., Marr B.P., Francis J.H., et al. Simultaneous bilateral ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for bilateral retinoblastoma (Tandem Therapy). PLoS One. 2016; 11 (6): e0156806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156806</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramson D.H., Marr B.P., Francis J.H., et al. Simultaneous bilateral ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for bilateral retinoblastoma (Tandem Therapy). PLoS One. 2016; 11 (6): e0156806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156806</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shields C.L., Mashayekhi A., Au A.K., et al. The international classification of retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113: 2276–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shields C.L., Mashayekhi A., Au A.K., et al. The international classification of retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113: 2276–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francis J.H., Levin A.M., Zabor E.C., Gobin Y.P., Abramson D.H. Ten-year experience with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery: ocular and recurrence-free survival. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (5): e0197081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francis J.H., Levin A.M., Zabor E.C., Gobin Y.P., Abramson D.H. Ten-year experience with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery: ocular and recurrence-free survival. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (5): e0197081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brennan R.C., Qaddoumi I., Mao S., et al. Ocular salvage and vision preservation using a Topotecan-based regimen for advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017; 35(1): 72–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.2996</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brennan R.C., Qaddoumi I., Mao S., et al. Ocular salvage and vision preservation using a Topotecan-based regimen for advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017; 35(1): 72–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.2996</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaliki S., Mittal P., Mohan S. Bilateral advanced (group D or E) intraocular retinoblastoma: outcomes in 72 Asian Indian patients. Eye (Lond). 2019; 33 (8): 1297–304. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0409-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaliki S., Mittal P., Mohan S. Bilateral advanced (group D or E) intraocular retinoblastoma: outcomes in 72 Asian Indian patients. Eye (Lond). 2019; 33 (8): 1297–304. doi:10.1038/s41433-019-0409-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramson D.H., Marr B.P., Brodie S.E., et al. Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for less advanced intraocular retinoblastoma: five-year review. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (4): e34120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramson D.H., Marr B.P., Brodie S.E., et al. Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for less advanced intraocular retinoblastoma: five-year review. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (4): e34120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramson D.H., Dunkel I.J., Brodie S.E., Marr B., Gobin Y.P. Bilateral superselective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma: tandem therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010; 128 (3): 370–2. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramson D.H., Dunkel I.J., Brodie S.E., Marr B., Gobin Y.P. Bilateral superselective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma: tandem therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010; 128 (3): 370–2. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramson D.H., Shields C.L., Jabbour P., et al. Metastatic deaths in retinoblastoma patients treated with intraarterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) worldwide. International j</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramson D.H., Shields C.L., Jabbour P., et al. Metastatic deaths in retinoblastoma patients treated with intraarterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) worldwide. International j</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramson D.H., Shields C.L., Jabbour P., et al. Metastatic deaths in retinoblastoma patients treated with intraarterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) worldwide. International journal of retina and vitreous. 2017; 3: 40. doi: 10.1186/s40942-017-0093-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramson D.H., Shields C.L., Jabbour P., et al. Metastatic deaths in retinoblastoma patients treated with intraarterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) worldwide. International journal of retina and vitreous. 2017; 3: 40. doi: 10.1186/s40942-017-0093-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
