Thyroid disorders and their role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma
T. V. Chernyakova,
H. Y. Zargaryan,
A. Yu. Brezhnev,
O. N. Onufriychuk,
I. R. Gazizova,
А. V. Seleznev,
А. V. Kuroyedov https://doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-4-166-172
Abstract
The literature analysis confirms the interrelationship of thyroid gland pathology and glaucoma. Patients with diffusetoxic goiter (DTG) and endemic goiter have an especially high risk of developing glaucoma, while those with autoimmune thyroiditis face a moderate risk. The prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in patients over 40 with endocrine ophthalmopathy is reliably associated with the male gender and the duration of the disease longer than 60 months. An increased risk of POAG is noted in men with hypothyroidism averagely aged 69. In most cases, ophthalmic hypertension that accompanies endocrine pathology does not need any topical hypotensive treatment. The main pathogenetically validated therapy of thyroid disorders results in a reduction of IOP level and an improvement of fluid outflow from the eye.
About the Authors
T. V. Chernyakova
Multifield Medical Center of Bank of Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Tatyana V. Chernyakova — Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist
H. Y. Zargaryan
Doctor Glazov Ophthalmology Clinic
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Hasmik Y. Zargaryan — Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist
A. Yu. Brezhnev
Kursk State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Andrey Yu. Brezhnev — Cand. of Med. Sci., associate professor of chair of ophthalmology
O. N. Onufriychuk
G.Turner National Medical Research Center for Children’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Oleg N. Onufriychuk — Cand. of Med. Sci., ophthalmologist
I. R. Gazizova
N.P. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain, RAS
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ilmira R. Gazizova — Dr. of Med.Sci., scientific secretary, head of
ophthalmological department
А. V. Seleznev
Ivanovo State Medical Academy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Аleksey V. Seleznev — Cand. of Med. Sci., assistant professor
А. V. Kuroyedov
Mandryka Central Clinical Hospital; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Аleksandr V. Kuroyedov — Dr. of Med. Sci., head of ophthalmological department, professor1, chair of ophthalmology
References
1. Egorov E.A., Erichev V.P., eds. National Guidelines for Glaucoma Practitioners. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2019. 4 ed. (in Russian).
2. McLeod D.S., Caturegli P., Cooper D.S., et al. Variation in rates of autoimmune thyroid disease by race/ethnicity in US military personnel. JAMA. 2014; 311 (15): 1563–5. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.285606
3. Garber J.R., Cobin R.H., Gharib H., et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Hypothyroidism in Adults. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012; 18 (6): 988–1028. doi:10.4158/EP12280
4. Brenta G., Vaisman M., Sgarbi J.A., et al. Task Force on Hypothyroidism of the Latin American Thyroid Society (LATS). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypothyroidism. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. 2013; 57 (4): 265–91. doi:10.1590/s0004-27302013000400003
5. Cross J.M., Girkin C.A., Owsley C., et al. The association between thyroid problems and glaucoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008; 92 (11): 1503–5. https:// doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2008.147165
6. Likhvantseva V.G., Korosteleva E.V., Tabeeva K.I. Vygodin V.A. Diseases of thyroid gland as a risk factor in primary open angle glaucoma development. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2013; 21 (3): 137–42 (in Russian). doi:10.17816/PAVLOVJ20133137-142
7. Likhvantseva V.G., Kuz'min K.A., Korosteleva E.V., et al. Search and identification of thyroid hormones receptors in ocular tissues. Ophthalmology. 2014; 11 (2): 27–31 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2014-2-27-31
8. He J., Wu Z., Yan J., et al. Clinical analysis of 106 cases with elevated intraocular pressure in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2004; 20 (1): 10–4.
9. Alekseev I.B., Aleskerova P.M., Dziova F.S., Moslekhi Sh. Features of intraocular hydrodynamics in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy. Glaucoma. 2010; 9 (2): 3–6 (in Russian).
10. Brovkina A.F. Endocrine ophthalmopathy. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2008 (in Russian).
11. Duncan K.G., Jumper M.D., Ribeiro R.C., et al. Human trabecular meshwork cells as a thyroid hormone target tissue: presence of functional thyroid hormone receptors. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1999; 237 (3): 231–40. doi:10.1007/s004170050224
12. Panteleeva O.G. The modern concept of the mechanism of development of visual dysfunctions in endocrine ophthalmopathy. International Endocrinological Journal. 2010; 27 (3): 14–6 (in Russian).
13. Likhvantseva V.G., Korosteleva E.V., Kovelenova I.V., et al. Eye blood flow deficiency is the key factor determining the form of the secondary glaucoma in endocrine ophthalmopath. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2016; 9 (3): 43–9 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-3-43-49
14. Kiseleva T.N., Panteleeva O.G., Shamshinova A.M. Ocular and orbital vascular blood flow in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy. Vestnik oftalmologii. 2007; 123 (1): 33–6 (in Russian).
15. Sviridenko N.Yu., Belovalova I.M., Sheremeta M.S., et al. Graves' disease and endocrine ophthalmopathy. Moscow: MAI-Print; 2012 (in Russian).
16. Likhvantseva V.G., Korosteleva E.V. Ischemia of the Eye on the Background of Primary Hypothyroidism and Primary Thyrotoxicosis. Ophthalmology. 2019; 16 (3): 329–34 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2019-3-329-334
17. Belovalova I.M., Sviridenko N.Yu., Bessmertnaya E.G., et al. Phenotypes of endocrine ophthalmopathy: clinical manifestation and tomographic characteristics. Problems of Endocrinology. 2018; 64 (6): 383–9 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.14341/probl9618
18. Ohtsuka K., Nakamura Y. Open-angle glaucoma associated with Graves disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2000; 129 (5): 613–7. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00473-0
19. McKeag D., Lane C., Lazarus J.H., et al. European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Clinical features of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) survey. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2007; 91 (4): 455–8. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.094607
20. Eslami F., Borzouei S., Khanlarzadeh E., Seif S. Prevalence of increased intraocular pressure in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and association with ophthalmic signs and symptoms in the north-west of Iran. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2019; 13: 1353–9. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S205112
21. Ohtsuka K. Intraocular pressure and proptosis in 95 patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 124 (4): 570–2. doi:10.1016/s00029394(14)70883-9
22. Etezad-Razavi M., Aboutorabi R.B., Zarei-Ghanavati S., et al. Prevalence and severity of ophthalmic manifestations of Graves’ disease in Mashhad university endocrine clinics. Iran J. Ophthalmol. 2006; 19 (3): 14–21.
23. Kim J.W., Ko J., Woo Y.J., et al. Prevalence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma as well as associated factors in Graves' Orbitopathy. J. Glaucoma. 2018; 27 (5): 464–9. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000942
24. Cockerham K.P., Pal C., Jani B., et al. The prevalence and implications of ocular hypertension and glaucoma in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Ophthalmology. 1997; 104 (6): 914–7. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30207-3
25. da Silva F., de Lourdes Veronese Rodrigues M., Akaishi P., et al. Graves' orbitopathy: frequency of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Eye. 2009; 23 (4): 957–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2008.155
26. Behrouzi Z., Rabei H.M., Azizi F., et al. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, and ocular hypertension in thyroid-related immune orbitopathy. J. Glaucoma. 2007; 16 (4): 358–62. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31802e644b
27. Haefliger I.O., von Arx G., Pimentel A.R. Pathophysiology of intraocular pressure increase and glaucoma prevalence in thyroid eye disease: a mini-review. Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd. 2010; 227 (4): 292–3. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1245199
28. Chaker L., Bianco A.C., Jonklaas J., Peeters R.P. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2017; 390 (10101): 1550–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30703-1
29. Dedov I.I., Mel'nichenko G.A. Endocrinology: national guidelines. Moscow: GEOTARMedia; 2019 (in Russian).
30. Garber J.R., Cobin R.H., Gharib H., et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Hypothyroidism in Adults. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012; 18 (6): 988–1028. doi:10.4158/EP12280.GL
31. Verloop H., Louwerens M., Schoones J.W., et al. Risk of hypothyroidism following hemithyroidectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012; 97 (7): 2243–55. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1063
32. Kahraman D., Keller C., Schneider C., et al. Development of hypothyroidism during long-term follow-up of patients with toxic nodular goitre after radioiodine therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. 2012; 76: 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652265.2011.04204.x
33. Wang S., Liu Y., Zheng G. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for open angle glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017; 12(10): e0186634. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186634
34. Kim M., Kim T.W., Park K.H., Kim J.M. Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in South Korea: the Namil study. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2012; 56 (4): 324–9. doi:10.1007/s10384-012-0153-4
35. Thvilum M., Brandt F., Brix T.H., Heged s L. The interrelation between hypothyroidism and glaucoma: a critical review and meta-analyses. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017; 95 (8): 759–67. doi:10.1111/aos.13412
36. Lee A.J., Rochtchina E., Wang J.J., et al. Open-angle glaucoma and systemic thyroid disease in an older population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Eye (Lond). 2004; 18 (6): 600–8. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700731
37. Centanni M., Cesareo R., Verallo O. Reversible increase of intraocular pressure in subclinical hypothyroid patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997; 136 (6): 595–8. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1360595
38. Alekseev I.B., Iomdina E.N., Aliverdieva M.A., et al. Thyroid gland diseases and primary open-angle glaucoma: are they connected? National Journal glaucoma. 2017; 16 (2): 63–8 (in Russian).
39. Lin H.C., Kang J.H., Jiang Y.D., Ho J.D. Hypothyroidism and the risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: a five-year population-based follow-up study. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117 (10): 1960–6. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.005
40. Girkin C.A., McGwin G.Jr., McNeal S.F,. et al. Hypothyroidism and the development of open-angle glaucoma in a male population. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111 (9): 1649–52. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.05.026
41. Smith K.D., Tevaarwerk G.J., Allen L.H. An ocular dynamic study supporting the hypothesis that hypothyroidism is a treatable cause of secondary open-angle glaucoma. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 1992; 27 (7): 341–4.
42. Knepper P.A., Covici S., Fadel J.R., Mayanil C.S., Ritch R. Surface-tension properties of hyaluronic Acid. J. Glaucoma. 1995; 4 (3): 194–9.
43. Guo M.S., Wu Y.Y., Liang Z.B. Hyaluronic acid increases MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in cultured trabecular meshwork cells from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Mol. Vis. 2012; 18: 1175–81.
44. Stein R., Romano A., Treister G., Bartov E. Effect of subconjunctival injection of hyaluronidase on outflow resistance in normal and in open-angle glaucomatous patients. Metab. Pediatr. Syst. Ophthalmol. 1982; 6 (3–4): 169–74.
45. Kakigi C., Kasuga T., Wang S.Y., et al. Hypothyroidism and Glaucoma in The United States. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (7): e0133688. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133688
46. Motsko S.P., Jones J.K. Is there an association between hypothyroidism and open angle glaucoma in an elderly population? An epidemiologic study Ophthalmology. 2008; 115 (9): 1581–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.01.016
47. Grus F.H., Joachim S.C., Bruns K., et al. Serum autoantibodies to alpha-fodrin are present in glaucoma patients from Germany and the United States. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006; 47 (3): 968–76. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0685
48. Boelaert K., Newby P.R., Simmonds M.J., et al. Prevalence and relative risk of other autoimmune diseases in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease. Am. J. Med. 2010; 123 (2): 183.e 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030
49. Brix T.H., Heged s L. Twin studies as a model for exploring the aetiology of autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2012; 76 (4): 457–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04318.x
50. Calissendorff J., Ljung R. Thyroxin substitution and open-angle glaucoma: a nationwide register-based study on filled prescriptions. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2011; 95 (4): 592–4. doi:10.1136/bjo.2010.195032
51. Thvilum M., Brandt F., Brix T.H., Heged s L. No evidence of a causal relationship between hypothyroidism and glaucoma: A Danish nationwide register-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2018; 13 (2): e0192311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192311
52. Won Y.S., Kim D.Y., Kim J.M. Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Changes and Thyroid Dysfunction in an Urban South Korean Population. J. Ophthalmol. 2017; 2017: 8280209. doi:10.1155/2017/8280209
53. Gillow J.T., Shah P., O'Neill E.C. Primary open angle glaucoma and hypothyroidism: chance or true association? Eye (Lond). 1997; 11 (Pt 1): 113–4. doi:10.1038/eye.1997.22
54. Ulas F., Dogan ., Dikbas O., et al. Investigation of the choroidal thickness in patients with hypothyroidism. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2015; 63 (3): 244–9. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.156976
55. Yang H.S., Ye H.J. Whether lowering intraocular pressure is needed for thyroid associated ophthalmopathy with intraocular hypertension. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2019; 55 (11): 811–3. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.004
56. McDaniel D., Besada E. Hypothyroidism-a possible etiology of open-angle glaucoma. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 1996; 67 (2): 109–14.
Review
For citations:
Chernyakova T.V., Zargaryan H.Y., Brezhnev A.Yu., Onufriychuk O.N., Gazizova I.R., Seleznev А.V., Kuroyedov А.V. Thyroid disorders and their role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2022;15(4):166-172. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-4-166-172
Views:
1781
Email this article 