Surgical treatment of refractory macular holes

Despite the numerous existing surgical techniques for macular hole (MH) closure, the search for the most effective surgical approach for refractory MH is of particular interest. This article presents an analysis of the literature covering methods for refractory MH closure using a free internal limiting membrane flap, autologous retinal neuroepithelial graft, amniotic membrane, posterior and anterior lens capsule fragments, and MH hydrodissection. The anatomical and functional outcomes of these techniques are highlighted.

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