Purpose: to study long-term results of anti-VEGF therapy for macular diseases of patients followed up for 60 months in real clinical practice. Materials and methods. The research group included 57 patients (43 women, 14 men; median age 62 years) who received antiVEGF therapy (ranibizumab, aflibercept) and remained under regular observation for 60 months. Of these, 24 patients had “wet” agerelated macular degeneration (wAMD), 20 had myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV), 10 had macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions (MERVO), and 3 patients had diabetic macular edema (DME). Statistical analysis of demographic indicators and treatment results was carried out using STATISTICA 13.3 software: conditions of normality for variables, nonparametric and parametric criteria were determined, and rank analysis of variance was carried out. The characteristics of the study group are given in the first part of this article [ROJ, 2022; 15 (3): 11–17]. Results. Over the research period, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) increased from 0.29 0.35 0.42 to 0.47 0.54 0.61 (p < 0.00001); 91.2 % of patients maintained the indicator or improved it with regard to the baseline. The proportion of subjects with BCVA ≥ 0.5 ranged from 61.4 to 73.7 % during the research period. The average number of intravitreal injections (IVI) received by the patients was 8.93 10.84 12.75. We revealed a tendency towards a gradual decrease in the intensity of treatment and confirmed it (p < 0.00001). The proportion of patients who received 4 IVI or more over 12 months of treatment decreased from 57.9 % in the first year to 12.3 % in the fifth year, and the proportion of cases where anti-VEGF therapy did not need to be resumed before the end of the year of treatment increased from 28.1 % (in the second year of research) to 49.1 % (in the fifth year). The need for IVI anti-VEGF drugs in wAMD and DME was significantly greater than in MERVO and mCNV. Conclusion. The results confirm high efficiency of anti-VEGF therapy. To solve the issue of ill-timed or insufficient treatment, it is necessary to start the therapy as early as possible, use the most effective (proactive) regimens, apply individualized approach to the treatment, take organizational measures aimed at facilitation of access to specialized care, and, generally, to change the attitude of the professional community.

Purpose. Comparative qualitative assessment of the severity of proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy (PDR) in patients with stages III, IV and V of chronic renal failure (CRF). Material and methods. 150 patients (64 % women; 36 % men, aged 38 to 79, mean age 61.3 ± 2.3 years) were examined. The patients were divided into three groups, each consisting of 50 subjects (100 eyes), according to the stages of CRF diagnosed in terms of glomerular filtration rate — CRF-3; CRF-4; and CRF-5, the latter requiring hemodialysis (НD). All groups were approximately equally distributed as to age and gender. A total of 11 qualitative indicators were assessed, including the condition of the fundus, the severity of diabetic macular edema, the degree of fibrovascular tissue neovascularization, the spread of traction retinal detachment to the periphery. All examinations were performed by one ophthalmic surgeon (A.S. Golovin) in order to increase the reliability of the qualitative assessment. The following scoring system was used: 1 point— no changes; 2 points — insignificant (weak) changes; 3 points — moderate severity of changes; 4 points — pronounced changes. Results. For all qualitative indicators, the severity of PDR in patients with HD was significantly higher than in patients with CRF-3 or CRF-4. The average severity of clinical manifestations of PDR for all criteria was 2.10 ± 0.27; 2.35 ± 0.30 and 3.21 ± 0.10 points (p < 0.05) for CRF-3; CRF-4 and CRF-5 (HD), respectively. Conclusion. The severity of retinal violations in patients with HD is 36.5–52.9 % higher compared with patients with CRF-4 and CRF-3. Considering the more severe nature of PDR and somatic status of HD patients, it seems expedient to develop an advanced vitrectomy technology for HD patients, its medical maintenance and anesthetic means.

After the extraction of congenital cataract in infancy, postoperative refraction changes differently in patients with bilateral and unilateral pseudophakia. Purpose: to compare myopia development in children with bilateral and unilateral pseudophakia. Material and methods. We examined 33 children (63 eyes) with bilateral and 21 children with unilateral pseudophakia for long-term results of congenital cataract extraction performed in their infancy, The evaluated parameters included the incidence and degree of myopia, refraction, general postsurgical astigmatism, and axial length of the eye. Refraction was measured by Nidek ARK-530A (Japan). The axial length was measured by ultrasound B-scan (Voluson E8, GE) or by optical biometry (AL-Scan, Nidek). Results. In bilateral pseudophakia, high myopia was detected if astigmatism was more than 3.25 D or oblique. In the latter case, the eyeball showed a greater growth as compared to with-the-rule astigmatism (4.67 mm and 3.26 mm, respectively; p < 0.05). With incomplete correction of astigmatism in the case of bilateral pseudophakia, myopia progressed to a high degree in nearly half of the cases (48.1 %), and a greater growth of the eye was detected compared with complete correction (4.45 mm and 3.42 mm respectively; p > 0.05). The type and degree of astigmatism did not affect the development and progression of myopia in unilateral pseudophakia. Conclusion. The effect of undercorrected astigmatic defocus on the development and progression of myopia in bilateral pseudophakia is apparently associated with a equivalent visual load on both eyes, while this load is significantly reduced in unilateral pseudophakia so that it fails to affect the development of myopia in such cases.

Purpose: identification of early risk factors — predictors of POAG development in students with myopic refraction based on questionnaire and functional test data and the effects of fractal photostimulation (FS). Material and methods. The study involved two clinical groups: the main group of 24 students (48 eyes) with mild to moderate myopia, averagely aged 21.3 ± 0.7 years, and the comparison group (according to FS effects) of 29 patients (58 eyes) with an established diagnosis of stage I–III POAG, averagely aged 58 ± 18 years, and a control group consisting of 66 people (132 eyes, mean age 21.2 ± 1.3 years). The case history of patients and typical complaints were found in questionnaire data. For the two clinical groups, the impact of 10 low-intensity FS sessions was evaluated. Results. A set of features viewed as risk factors for POAG development was determined using the data of the questionaries filled in by the main and comparison groups. The changes in mean IOP values measured before and after an FS course were found to be greater in POAG patients than in myopic students. FS was shown to contribute to IOP stabilization in patients with pre-existing morphological and functional glaucoma changes and the occurrence of accompanying pathologies such as vasospasm, blood pressure fluctuations, and migraine-like pain. After a course of FS, overall photosensitivity increased significantly as compared with the baseline in students with mild and moderate myopia (p < 0.05). Also, a positive effect of an FS course on MD indices in patients with stages IIa and IIIa POAG was confirmed. Conclusion. The research results confirm the need to identify clinical and functional predictors of POAG with a progressive glaucomatous process in students with myopic refraction.

Purpose: to assess the prevalence of primary malignant eyelid tumors and their prognostic features based on the materials of the ocular oncology department, Moscow Ophthalmological Center. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of 10-year array (2010–2019) of documents of the Moscow Cancer Register, reports of the ocular oncology department of the Moscow ophthalmological center, S.P. Botkin State Clinical Hospital, and case histories of outpatients with malignant eyelid tumors, residing in Moscow. Results. Malignant ocular tumors were diagnosed in 3650 people. Of these, 75.29 % were eyelid tumors (2748 people). The most common malignant tumor was basal cell carcinoma (89.19 %), which was morphologically diagnosed and over the ten years showed an incidence increase of almost a third. The occurrence rate grows with age, with the peak observed between 70 and 79 years of life. Most often, the lower eyelid (64%) and the inner corner (22.14 %) are affected. Less common are tumors located in the upper eyelid (12.21 %) and at the lateral canthus — 2.3 %. Over 80 % of the relapses occurred at the T2–T3 stages, while only 18.2 % were eyelid skin cancers treated at the T1 stage. Tumors located in the inner corner of the palpebral fissure recurred up to 3 times more often than differently localized eyelid tumors. Conclusion. Malignant eyelid tumors are the most common of malignant ocular neoplasms, claiming ¾ of them. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type. The peak incidence falls upon the 7th and the 8th decades of life. An increase in the incidence of malignant tumors of the eyelids is observed. The special ophthalmic-oncological service facilitates the diagnostics, treatment and dispensary observation of patients after treatment, which contributes to the early detection of relapses.

Purpose: to evaluate the efficacy of Lucentis for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Material and methods. 51 infants (102 eyes) with the gestational age between 24 and 33 weeks were given intravitreal injections of Lucentis, All patients selected had ROP stages I+, II+, III or III+ in zone 1, stage III+ in zone 2, or aggressive posterior ROP. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia; the dose, technique and the number of Lucentis injections conformed with the recommendations given in Lucentis instruction for use. If indicated, retinal laser photocoagulation was given after intravitreal injections using Supra (Quantel Medical, France) and Lachta-Mylon (Russia, Lasermedservis) laser equipment. Results. Clinical efficacy of intravitreal administration of Ranibizumab in infants with aggressive posterior ROP, zone 1 ROP, Stage III of zone 2 ROP was determined at 86.3 % (with no more than two injections). If ROP remains active after two injections, a change of therapy is recommended. Vascularization was noted to be complete in 51 % of cases. Conclusion. To achieve a maximum treatment effect of ROP with Lucentis, strict observation of indications criteria must take place.

Purpose: to develop objective acoustic criteria of the condition of the optic nerve and its sheaths for an early diagnosis of intracranial hypertension (IH). Material and methods. The research involved 24 patients (average age 35.8 ± 8.5 years) with suspected IH. The control group consisted of 48 healthy subjects (average age 28.5 ± 9.5 years). Ultrasound examination of the retrobulbar part of the optic nerve (ON) included the measurement of the ON thickness with sheaths (ONSD) and without sheaths (OND) and the calculation of the ratio K = ONSD/ OND. Echodensitometry was used to evaluate the echographic density of the parenchyma and the sheaths of the optic nerve. All patients were tested with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyse brain images. Results. The biometrical parameters of ON in healthy subjects were as follows: ONS 2.64 ± 0.21 mm and ONSD — 4.60 ± 0.34 mm. In patients with suspected IH the average parameters of the ON diameter were as follows: ONS — 2.57 ± 0.25 mm and ONSD — 5.81 ± 0.42 mm. A comparative assessment of the ON thickness with and without sheaths showed that in the control group the values of ONS did not exceed 3.5 mm and ONSD did not exceed 5.0 mm. In patients with IH, the values of ONSD were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The ratio coefficient (K)=ONSD/ONS in the group of healthy subjects ranged from 1.53 to 2.0 and averaged 1.75 ± 0.14. In patients with IH the values of K exceeded 2.0 (2,40 ± 0.18). The analysis of acoustic density data showed a significant variability in the parameters of the ON sheaths echodensitometry in IH patients as compared to the norm. Conclusion. The echography of the ON makes it possible to determine the acoustic and biometric parameters of the ON with high accuracy, to assess its structure and relationship with the surrounding tissues. The ratio coefficient (K) of ONSD/ONS makes it possible to determine IH in the early stages of the disease, even in the absence of objective clinical criteria.

Purpose. To study the possible impact of human herpes viruses (HHV) reactivation: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1), type 2 (HSV 2), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein — Barr virus (EBV) on the clinical course of uveitis in Behcet's disease (BD). Material and methods. Serum samples of 106 BD patients (ave. age 39) with uveitis were examined for the presence of antibodies — serological markers of chronic HHV infection and reactivation. Results. In 65 patients (25 with active uveitis (UA), 40 with uveitis remission (UR)), HHV reactivation was detected (mainly HSV 1, less often HSV 2, CMV and EBV — in individual cases), 41 patients had chronic HHV (17 with UA, 24 with UR). Certain clinical symptoms of uveitis were found to depend on HHV activity. Clinical signs of active uveitis (cells in the vitreous body), as well as severe irreversible changes (social blindness and low vision) were significantly more frequently detected in cases of HHV reactivation (p < 0.05) than in chronic HHV. The data obtained allow us to suggest, with some caution, that a subclinical HHV reactivation which stays after the onset of clinical uveitis remission, is an important factor of postuveal complications that are mainly manifested during remission. These complications include epiretinal fibrosis, pronounced optic nerve atrophy, and vasculitis (arterial and venous occlusion). Conclusion. The remission period in patients with subclinical herpesvirus activity is less favorable than in patients without serological markers of HHV reactivation. HHV reactivation that persists after uveitis activity is stopped can contribute to sudden exacerbations of uveitis.

Purpose: to analyze the results of complicated cataract phacoemulsification with implantation of various types of intraocular lenses and fixation techniques. Material and methods. 48 patients (51 eyes) with complicated cataracts and weakened ligamentous apparatus of the lens or intraoperative rupture of the posterior lens capsule were divided into two groups: the study group I consisted of 21 patients (23 eyes, aged 71.4 ± 4.5 years) who had cataract phacoemulsification with an implantation of RSP-III IOL which was performed through a 2.4 mm small self-sealing incision using an injector and the control group II consisting of 27 patients (28 eyes, aged 73.6 ± 4.1 years) who had. Cataract phacoemulsification with an anterior chamber IOL implantation using an incision widened to 6.0 mm. Results. By the end of 1-year follow-up period, uncorrected visual acuity was 0.8 ± 0.1 in group 1 and 0.5 ± 0.1 in group II. In 100% of the patients of group 1 the correct position of the IOL was achieved in the early postoperative period (1–3 days) and maintained in the late period (1 year), whereas in group II, two eyes of 28 operated (7.14 %) showed a forward displacement of the anterior chamber IOL, which involved a contact with corneal endothelium. IOP stayed within the normal range in 21 eyes of group I patients (91.3 %), albeit two eyes (8.7 %) revealed transitory hypertension. In group II, 21 eyes (75 %) had normal IOP in the first three postoperative days, while 7 eyes (25 %) revealed an IOP increased to 29–30 mm Hg. In contrast to group I, group II patients showed induced corneal astigmatism which was decreasing during the follow-up period. Conclusion. In the case of a rupture of the posterior capsule during cataract phacoemulsification, or failure of the ligamentous apparatus of the lens of various origins, the implantation of the RSP-III IOL through a small self-sealing incision using an injector is the method of choice, which allows achieving a stable position of the IOL in the early and long-term follow-up periods, and high visual acuity with the minimal values of corneal astigmatism.

Purpose. To detect the levels of transform growth factors-β (TGF- β1, TGF- β2, TGF- β3), interferon-ʏ (INF- ʏ), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and S100B protein in blood serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to reveal the connection of these factors with neurodegenerative changes in the retina. Material and methods. 30 patients, averagely aged 60.3, with type 2 DM and no signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (the main group) and 30 healthy individuals (control group) were examined using microperimetry and optical coherence tomography. A sandwich variance estimator of solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of TGF- β 1, TGF- β2, TGF- β3, INF- ʏ, ММР-9 and S100B protein in blood serum of the subjects examined. Results. The patients with type 2 DM were found to experience an increased level of focal loss of retinal ganglion cells and a drop in the average photosensitivity of the retina. The main group also showed a reliable increase in the level of S100B protein and in the serum level of MMP-9 against the control, but no significant difference between the groups was found in the level of TIMP-1. The level of TGF- β2 was significantly higher in the main group, which also showed a deficiency of TGF- β3. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the levels of TGF- β1 or INF- ʏ. In contrast, a positive correlation was revealed between the levels of S100B, MMP-9 and the volume of focal loss of retinal ganglion cells. Conclusion. Patients with type 2 DM and signs of neurodegeneration of the retina reveal a higher activity of some cytokines and MMP-9. This may indicate an important role of neuroinflammation and dysfunction of the immune system in the retinal neurodegeneration process of DM patients. Further research of other cytokins is required to determine early and more sensitive markers of retinal neurodegeneration.

Purpose. To analyze the results of treatment and active monitoring the children with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with an emphasis on vital prognosis. Material and methods. We examined 32 children with RMS (18 boys, 14 girls) aged 2 months to 12 years, whose case history ranged from 1 week to 16 weeks (median, 5 weeks). The median follow-up was 60 months. The tumor was localized in the upper (n = 13), upper internal (n = 9), lower (n = 4), internal (n = 3), and external (n = 3) quadrants. The patients underwent primary surgical treatment: orbitotomy using transcutaneous (n = 26), transconjunctival (n = 2) and subperiosteal access (n = 4) followed by cytological, histological and immunohistochemical tissue verification in all cases. Results. The highest number of RMS cases was noted in in the 2- to 7-year-old group (66 % of patients). All patients were treated in in-patient settings. Complete macroscopic removal of tumor was performed in 17 cases, partial removal in 9 cases, and biopsy sampling in 6 cases. The embryonic type of RMS accounted for 87 % (n = 28), and the alveolar type, for 13 % (n = 6). In the postoperative period all children received combined therapy (systemic polychemotherapy and distant radiation therapy) in in-patient facilities of special oncological and radiological clinics. The survival rate of the whole group was 100%. In the long-term follow-up period (after 3 to 5 years), reconstructive surgeries were performed to correct ptosis and strabismus, and/or spectacle or prismatic correction of complex or mixed astigmatism. In cases of “dry” eye syndrome, conservative local therapy was offered. After orbital exenteration, ectoprosthesis procedures was applied. Conclusion. The analysis of our observations of 32 children with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma showed a 100 % survival rate, which testifies to the importance of timely diagnosis and combined treatment of the tumor.

Purpose: to assess the organizational effectiveness of ophthalmic observation of premature infants in pediatric follow-up in St. Petersburg. Material and methods. We analyzed the reports submitted by city interdistrict ophthalmological facilities for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the observation department for premature infants for the period from July 1, 2018 to July 1, 2021 available at the children's multidisciplinary hospital. Results. In St. Petersburg, 6 interdistrict ophthalmological facilities perform regular monitoring of ROP children and a daytime in-patient clinic offers interdisciplinary treatment and early rehabilitation of infants with perinatal pathology accompanying severe prematurity. The data on the frequency of ROP and other visual disorders in children born prematurely are presented. Conclusions. Interdistrict observation facilities are a modern form of regular ophthalmic follow-up of premature infants of risk groups or ROP infants who live in conditions of a large city. A promising observation model of children with combined perinatal pathology and severe prematurity is the setting of a department (daytime in-patient facility) in the children's multidisciplinary hospital. This allows assessing the general health of this critical group of population" and ensure a timely start of combined interdisciplinary treatment and medical rehabilitation.

Purpose: to evaluate near visual work performance of those wearing spectacles with Stellest™ lenses and the impact of their continuous wear on refraction changes, accommodation and binocular interaction after 6 months from the start of use. Material and methods. 35 children aged 8-13 with myopia of 3.15 ± 0.19 D were prescribed eyeglasses with Stellest™ lenses. 32 children with myopia of 2.68 ± 0.18 D who used monofocal glasses served as control. Visual performance, refraction, axial length (AL), accommodation and binocular interaction were assessed. Results. According to the Burdon test, the number of errors in counting letters in Stellest™ glasses was 4.5 ± 0.64, whilst in monofocal glasses it was- significantly less, 2.96 ± 0.42 (p < 0.05); the rate of test progress was the same in the two groups. After 6 months from the start of wearing Stellest™ glasses, the objective cycloplegic refraction increased by 0.11 ± 0.04 D, the average year progression rate (YPR) was 0.22 ± 0.08 D. In contrast, the children wearing monofocal glasses showed an average refraction increase of 0.35 ± 0.05 D, and the average YPR value of 0.7 ± 0.09 D. In the Stellest™group, YPG drop was observed in 87 % of cases and averaged 0.95 ± 0.11 D. In the control group, YPR was found to drop in 65 % of cases and averaged 0.49 ± 0.1 D. In the Stellest™ group, AL increased by 0.04 ± 0.02 mm; in the control group, the increase in AL was 2.8 times greater — by 0.11 ± 0.02 mm (p < 0.01). In the Stellest™ group, relative accommodation reserves (RAR) increased by 0.88 ± 0.14 D, which is significantly higher than in the group wearing monofocal glasses, where the increase was 0.39 ± 0.12 D (p < 0.01). No differences were revealed between the groups in objective indicators of accommodation and binocular interaction. Conclusion. Wearing spectacles with Stellest™ lenses for 6 months contributes to slowing down the progression of myopia in children. Over the observation period, the refraction increase in the main group was 3.2 times lower than in the control group, whilst AL growth was 2.8 times lower than that in the control group. The children using spectacles with Stellest™ lenses showed a higher increase in RAR as compared to children wearing monofocal spectacles. The accommodation tone and objective accommodation parameters were essentially the same in both groups. Wearing Stellest™ glasses had no pronounced effect on binocular interaction.

Purpose: to study the state of blood flow in the ocular arteries of patients with various forms, stages and course types of active retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Material and methods. Colour duplex scanning was performed by colour Doppler mapping and pulsed Doppler sonography for 55 premature babies (55 eyes) with active ROP and 8 premature babies (8 eyes) without ROP signs. The children’s gestation age was 25 to 32 weeks, and the body weight at birth was 680 to1760 g. Blood flow was examined in the ophthalmic artery (OA), the central retinal artery (CRA) and the medial and lateral posterior short ciliary arteries (PSCA). Results. The ophthalmic artery revealed no significant differences between the children with ROP and without ROP, except for a significant increase in the peak systolic velocity (Vsyst) in an unfavorable course of stage III of ROP. The development of aggressive posterior ROP is accompanied by a statistically insignificant decrease in blood flow velocity of OA. Hemodynamic parameters of CRA indicate an increase in peripheral vascular resistance in children with an unfavorable course of ROP. A significant increase of Vsyst in the posterior short ciliary arteries was revealed in children with an unfavorable course of stages I–III of ROP and Vsyst, and Vdiast (diastolic blood flow velocity) in children with aggressive posterior ROP as compared with children without ROP. A pronounced impact of the ROP course (favorable or unfavorable) on the Vsyst, Vdiast, and PI indicators in the posterior short ciliary arteries was revealed. The most informative hemodynamic parameters in predicting the course of active ROP are Vsyst and Vdiast values in the ophthalmic artery and Vsyst in the posterior short ciliary arteries. The least informative were the hemodynamic parameters of the central retinal artery. Conclusion. The assessment of hemodynamic changes in eye arteries may be used as an additional diagnostic criterion in the early diagnosis of ROP.

Purpose: to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-scar treatment of eyelid tissues with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) lysate by pathomorphological examination. Material and methods. 20 patients (men aged 27–64 years with eyelid scars caused by traumatic tissue rupture) underwent reconstructive plastic surgery on their eyelids. All patients had similar injuries and traumatic agents, the type and localization of the scar, and the same duration of the post-traumatic period (12 months after the injury). The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the application of anti-scar treatment using PRP lysate in the preoperative period. The treatment consisted in injecting a personalized biotransplant into the scar tissue. During the surgery, a fragment of scar tissue was taken from each patient for pathomorphological examination. Results. In the control group, the pathomorphological picture was of the same type and corresponded to the third phase of wound healing with remodeling and the formation of a rough scar. The third phase of wound healing with scar remodeling in patients of the main group was characterized by significantly less pronounced fibrotic-dystrophic changes in both cellular and stromal components of the dermis and hypodermis. Conclusion. In the main group with PRP lysate therapy, scar tissue was characterized by significantly less pronounced fibrotic-dystrophic changes in both cellular and stromal components of the dermis and hypodermis as compared to the control group. The observed morphological picture was close to a complete involution of the scar with its restructuring, approaching the normal histoarchitectonics of the dermis and hypodermis.

Purpose. To investigate the cell composition of the tear in healthy women and endometriosis patients in order to find the potential diagnostic criteria of endometriosis. Material and methods. Tear samples obtained from the lower fornix of the conjunctiva using a glass capillary tube were microscopically examined in 100 females aged 18 to 48: 60 healthy women, who made up the control group, and 40 patients with endometriosis. Results. The share of women with endometriosis who were found to have erythrocytes was 32.5 %, which was significantly higher as compared with the control group, where it was 25.0%. 69.2 % of women with endometriosis showed haemolacria in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which significantly exceeded the percentage of women with erythrocytes in the tear (30.8 %) who had them in the luteal phase. Epitheliocytes were found in the tear of 97.5 % of patients with endometriosis, versus 75.0 % of healthy women. In all 100 % of such patients, these cells were found in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, compared with 74.3 % of healthy women who showed these cells in the same phase of the cycle. The share of women with endometriosis showing the ++ quantity of epitheliocytes in the tear was 56.4 %, which was significantly higher than the 20 % of the control group subject with the same level of epitheliocytes. It is to be noted that group accumulations of epitheliocytes were found in 15 % of endometriotic patients, which was significantly higher than in healthy women, of whom only 8.3 % had such accumulations. 90 % of endometriosis group cases revealed glandular cuboidal epithelial cells in the tear, which morphologically resembling endometrial cells. Conclusion. The revealed properties of the cytological composition of the tear of patients with endometriosis reflected particular links in its etiopathogenesis, which suggests that the study of tear parameters can help predict the incidence of the "endometrioid disease" and develop pathogenetically oriented treatment methods.

Purpose: To study the biological effect of a combination of platelet lysate and amniotic membrane, preserved by various techniques, on human buccal epithelium culture. Materials and methods. Human amnion transplants were preserved using 3 methods: silicate drying, lyophilization, cryopreservation. The blood of healthy volunteers was used as a source of platelets. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with a platelet content over 1000 thousand/mcl and more was isolated from the donors blood, frozen at -80 °С and defrosted at 0–4 °С to prepare platelet lysate. Growth-stimulating effect of the amnion transplants was studied in different groups: control group 1 — without amnion and without PRP lysate; control group 2 — PRP lysate without amnion; experimental group 1 — amnion without PRP lysate; experimental group 2 — amnion samples combined with PRP lysate. The study was carried out on the example of human buccal epithelium culture of 3–5 passages. The dynamics of cell growth was evaluated after 1, 2 and 3 days from the moment of seeding. The number of cells and their viability were evaluated using original methods based on vital cell staining and their examination in a fluorescent microscope. Results. All samples of preserved amnions were non-toxic and did not damage the structural and functional characteristics of the buccal epithelium. On the other hand, the use of amnion without PRP lysate did not have a growth-stimulating effect on cells. Among the amnion samples combined with PRP lysate, the combination of lyophilized amnion and PRP lysate was the most effective during the entire study period. Conclusions. Silicate drying, lyophilization and cryopreservation of the amniotic membrane makes it possible to obtain biocompatible and non-toxic transplants, based on human amnion. Lyophilized amnions are the most optimal for saturating PRP lysate. The combination of lyophilized amnion and PRP lysate stimulates cell growth in vitro without violating their structural integrity.

A clinical case of retinovasculitis with coronavirus infection COVID-19 involving a female patient in the late stage of HIV infection is reported. The patient had no antiretroviral therapy. Clinical features of eye changes, their severity and dynamics influenced by the ophthalmic therapy were revealed. A relationship between the course of COVID-19 and the state of immunodeficiency causes by HIV was found. As a result of the long disease duration and the complications, the patient died.

The genetic Saul — Wilson syndrome is so rare that the very few descriptions of its ocular manifestations available are of high clinical interest. Purpose. To offer a description of the ocular manifestations of the Saul — Wilson syndrome. Material and methods. Two children with a verified diagnosis of Saul — Wilson syndrome, observed from the age of 3 and 4 (the follow-up period was 6 months to 2.5 years), were subjected to a comprehensive ophthalmological examination. Results. The children, along with characteristic phenotypic manifestations (clubfoot, very short stature, short fingers and toes, hypermobile joints) were found to have a disordered visual system, associated with the particularities of the facial skeleton (exophthalmos or strabismus) and clinical and functional eye disorders: mild hypermetropia, hypermetropic astigmatism, partial complicated cataract. One child was diagnosed with changes in the structure and function of the retina, which indicates a dystrophic process. The diagnosis was genetically verified. Conclusion. Given the rarity of the disease, multiple organ involvement, an uncertain prognosis, an interdisciplinary approach to the management of such patients, constant dynamic monitoring and timely correction of detected disorders is necessary.

Purpose: to develop a technology for the treatment of vitreomacular traction (VMT) with intravitreal injection of bacterial collagenase so that the dosage corresponds to the instruction for use of the drug. Material and methods. We carried out the modeling of a variety of variants of collagenase delivery to the area where it should act, taking into account the standard average anatomical parameters of the normal eye. We used modern facilities available in present-day ophthalmic surgery appliances. Results. A technology of bacterial collagenase delivery to the foveolar region of the retina was developed which ensured the injection of 1 KE dosage as permitted by the instruction for use. 27G caliber instruments, a cannula with a silicone tip and an OMS-800 microscope (Topcon, Japan), equipped with the OFFISS imaging systems, were used to deliver the drug directly to the VMT area of 35 eyes. Of these, VMT could be eliminated in 26 cases (74.3%), the best corrected visual acuity increased by 0.20 ± 0.21 (from 0.46 ± 0.21 to 0.66 ± 0.26). Conclusion. The developed technology of VMT treatment may be used in clinical practice as it ensures an effective concentration of the bacterial collagenase in the fovea area using the minimum dose recommended by the manufacturer in the instruction for drug use while avoiding retinal traumatization during the procedure.

Traumatic eyeball damages is a topical issue in present-day ophthalmology as they constitute one of the main causes of vision loss in people of working age. Purpose: to assess the feasibilty, effectiveness and safety of one-time early-stage microinvasive optical reconstructive surgery of a patient with traumatic eyeball damage consequences: a swelling cataract, lens ligamentous apparatus defect, iridodialysis, and traumatic mydriasis. Material and methods. Patient V., 27, was under observation with the following diagnosis: “OS — condition after a contusion damage to the eyeball: traumatic swelling cataract; stage II subluxation of the lens; traumatic mydriasis, iridodialysis of 180 degrees”. OS visual acuity — correct light projection. The patient underwent an ORO of the left eye: phacoaspiration of a swelling cataract with implantation of an intracapsular ring and an intraocular lens in combination with closed iridoplasty. Results. No intraoperative complications took place. In the postoperative period, the best corrected visual acuity was 0.6, IOP remained stable, the lens was centered in the capsular bag, the iris sutures were consistent, the pupil rounded, centered, 4 mm in diameter. The patient felt satisfied with the cosmetic and functional result of surgery. Conclusion. One-time iridoplasty in combination with cataract surgery is an effective and safe method of surgical treatment of traumatically damaged iris and lens.

Myopia, which is the most common disorder of refraction, in case of progression causes a variety of dangerous and severe complications, which can eventually lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life and disability in young and working age people. The growing trend of myopia prevalence is due to a significant increase in visual work and psychological stress, which, in their turn, are explained by rapid scientific and technological progress and extensive urbanization. The genetic, ethnic and age factors, as well as the presence of chronic diseases and general lifestyle, also play an important role in the onset of myopia.

The article provides an overview of endophthalmitis cases in children with open eye injury — prevalence, causes and treatment results in Great Britain, USA, China, India, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, and other countries with different healthcare facilities, lifestyle and traditions.

In COVID-19, eye damage may develop at any stage of the disease. Viral ribonucleic acid has been found in ocular tissues, but the role of the eye as a route of infection is yet to be substantiated. Ophthalmic manifestations may be a typical feature of COVID-19 infection or they may develop several weeks after recovery. Ophthalmologists should be aware of possible relationships of an ophthalmic pathology with SARS-CoV-2 in order to obtain targeted case history, detect the specific signs, prescribe the necessary tests and thereby reduce the spread of the infection. These relationships are also important for early diagnosis and treatment of complications that threaten the patients’ life and vision. The first part of the review focuses on the possible involvement of the eye in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the spread of infection. Clinical manifestations of the anterior segment damage are considered.

The literature analysis confirms the interrelationship of thyroid gland pathology and glaucoma. Patients with diffusetoxic goiter (DTG) and endemic goiter have an especially high risk of developing glaucoma, while those with autoimmune thyroiditis face a moderate risk. The prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in patients over 40 with endocrine ophthalmopathy is reliably associated with the male gender and the duration of the disease longer than 60 months. An increased risk of POAG is noted in men with hypothyroidism averagely aged 69. In most cases, ophthalmic hypertension that accompanies endocrine pathology does not need any topical hypotensive treatment. The main pathogenetically validated therapy of thyroid disorders results in a reduction of IOP level and an improvement of fluid outflow from the eye.

The article presents a literature review regarding the use of silicone oil tamponade (ST) in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) treatment. Vitrectomy, which produces a stable anatomical result in most patients, is currently recognized as one of the main methods of treating RRD. In complicated retinal detachments, vitrectomy is followed by ST tamponade of the vitreous cavity (VC). Despite the many benefits of ST, it carries the risk of a number of complications arising at different times after surgery. The duration of ST presence in the vitreous cavity during RRD treatment may vary substantially. The review presents ST complications, including an unexpected and hard to explain vision deterioration after silicone oil removal, and the correlation between the complications and the duration of ST presence in the vitreous cavity.